1 - 浏览器导航
打开网站
启动浏览器后你要做的第一件事就是打开你的网站。这可以通过一行代码实现:
// 简便的方法
driver.get("https://selenium.dev");
// 更长的方法
driver.navigate().to("https://selenium.dev");
driver.get("https://selenium.dev")
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl(@"https://selenium.dev");
# 简便的方法
driver.get 'https://selenium.dev'
# 更长的方法
driver.navigate.to 'https://selenium.dev'
await driver.get('https://selenium.dev');
// 简便的方法
driver.get("https://selenium.dev")
// 更长的方法
driver.navigate().to("https://selenium.dev")
后退
按下浏览器的后退按钮:
driver.navigate().back();
driver.Navigate().Back();
await driver.navigate().back();
前进
按下浏览器的前进键:
driver.navigate().forward();
driver.Navigate().Forward();
await driver.navigate().forward();
driver.navigate().forward()
刷新
刷新当前页面:
driver.navigate().refresh();
driver.Navigate().Refresh();
await driver.navigate().refresh();
driver.navigate().refresh()
2 - JavaScript 警告框,提示框和确认框
WebDriver提供了一个API, 用于处理JavaScript提供的三种类型的原生弹窗消息. 这些弹窗由浏览器提供限定的样式.
Alerts 警告框
其中最基本的称为警告框, 它显示一条自定义消息, 以及一个用于关闭该警告的按钮, 在大多数浏览器中标记为"确定"(OK). 在大多数浏览器中, 也可以通过按"关闭"(close)按钮将其关闭, 但这始终与“确定”按钮具有相同的作用. 查看样例警告框.
WebDriver可以从弹窗获取文本并接受或关闭这些警告.
//Click the link to activate the alert
driver.findElement(By.linkText("See an example alert")).click();
//Wait for the alert to be displayed and store it in a variable
Alert alert = wait.until(ExpectedConditions.alertIsPresent());
//Store the alert text in a variable
String text = alert.getText();
//Press the OK button
alert.accept();
# Click the link to activate the alert
driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "See an example alert").click()
# Wait for the alert to be displayed and store it in a variable
alert = wait.until(expected_conditions.alert_is_present())
# Store the alert text in a variable
text = alert.text
# Press the OK button
alert.accept()
//Click the link to activate the alert
driver.FindElement(By.LinkText("See an example alert")).Click();
//Wait for the alert to be displayed and store it in a variable
IAlert alert = wait.Until(ExpectedConditions.AlertIsPresent());
//Store the alert text in a variable
string text = alert.Text;
//Press the OK button
alert.Accept();
# Click the link to activate the alert
driver.find_element(:link_text, 'See an example alert').click
# Store the alert reference in a variable
alert = driver.switch_to.alert
# Store the alert text in a variable
alert_text = alert.text
# Press on OK button
alert.accept
//Click the link to activate the alert
await driver.findElement(By.linkText('See an example alert')).click();
// Wait for the alert to be displayed
await driver.wait(until.alertIsPresent());
// Store the alert in a variable
let alert = await driver.switchTo().alert();
//Store the alert text in a variable
let alertText = await alert.getText();
//Press the OK button
await alert.accept();
// Note: To use await, the above code should be inside an async function
//Click the link to activate the alert
driver.findElement(By.linkText("See an example alert")).click()
//Wait for the alert to be displayed and store it in a variable
val alert = wait.until(ExpectedConditions.alertIsPresent())
//Store the alert text in a variable
val text = alert.getText()
//Press the OK button
alert.accept()
Confirm 确认框
确认框类似于警告框, 不同之处在于用户还可以选择取消消息. 查看样例确认框.
此示例还呈现了警告的另一种实现:
//Click the link to activate the alert
driver.findElement(By.linkText("See a sample confirm")).click();
//Wait for the alert to be displayed
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.alertIsPresent());
//Store the alert in a variable
Alert alert = driver.switchTo().alert();
//Store the alert in a variable for reuse
String text = alert.getText();
//Press the Cancel button
alert.dismiss();
# Click the link to activate the alert
driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "See a sample confirm").click()
# Wait for the alert to be displayed
wait.until(expected_conditions.alert_is_present())
# Store the alert in a variable for reuse
alert = driver.switch_to.alert
# Store the alert text in a variable
text = alert.text
# Press the Cancel button
alert.dismiss()
//Click the link to activate the alert
driver.FindElement(By.LinkText("See a sample confirm")).Click();
//Wait for the alert to be displayed
wait.Until(ExpectedConditions.AlertIsPresent());
//Store the alert in a variable
IAlert alert = driver.SwitchTo().Alert();
//Store the alert in a variable for reuse
string text = alert.Text;
//Press the Cancel button
alert.Dismiss();
# Click the link to activate the alert
driver.find_element(:link_text, 'See a sample confirm').click
# Store the alert reference in a variable
alert = driver.switch_to.alert
# Store the alert text in a variable
alert_text = alert.text
# Press on Cancel button
alert.dismiss
//Click the link to activate the alert
await driver.findElement(By.linkText('See a sample confirm')).click();
// Wait for the alert to be displayed
await driver.wait(until.alertIsPresent());
// Store the alert in a variable
let alert = await driver.switchTo().alert();
//Store the alert text in a variable
let alertText = await alert.getText();
//Press the Cancel button
await alert.dismiss();
// Note: To use await, the above code should be inside an async function
//Click the link to activate the alert
driver.findElement(By.linkText("See a sample confirm")).click()
//Wait for the alert to be displayed
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.alertIsPresent())
//Store the alert in a variable
val alert = driver.switchTo().alert()
//Store the alert in a variable for reuse
val text = alert.text
//Press the Cancel button
alert.dismiss()
Prompt 提示框
提示框与确认框相似, 不同之处在于它们还包括文本输入. 与处理表单元素类似, 您可以使用WebDriver的sendKeys来填写响应. 这将完全替换占位符文本. 按下取消按钮将不会提交任何文本.
查看样例提示框.
//Click the link to activate the alert
driver.findElement(By.linkText("See a sample prompt")).click();
//Wait for the alert to be displayed and store it in a variable
Alert alert = wait.until(ExpectedConditions.alertIsPresent());
//Type your message
alert.sendKeys("Selenium");
//Press the OK button
alert.accept();
# Click the link to activate the alert
driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "See a sample prompt").click()
# Wait for the alert to be displayed
wait.until(expected_conditions.alert_is_present())
# Store the alert in a variable for reuse
alert = Alert(driver)
# Type your message
alert.send_keys("Selenium")
# Press the OK button
alert.accept()
//Click the link to activate the alert
driver.FindElement(By.LinkText("See a sample prompt")).Click();
//Wait for the alert to be displayed and store it in a variable
IAlert alert = wait.Until(ExpectedConditions.AlertIsPresent());
//Type your message
alert.SendKeys("Selenium");
//Press the OK button
alert.Accept();
# Click the link to activate the alert
driver.find_element(:link_text, 'See a sample prompt').click
# Store the alert reference in a variable
alert = driver.switch_to.alert
# Type a message
alert.send_keys("selenium")
# Press on Ok button
alert.accept
//Click the link to activate the alert
await driver.findElement(By.linkText('See a sample prompt')).click();
// Wait for the alert to be displayed
await driver.wait(until.alertIsPresent());
// Store the alert in a variable
let alert = await driver.switchTo().alert();
//Type your message
await alert.sendKeys("Selenium");
//Press the OK button
await alert.accept();
//Note: To use await, the above code should be inside an async function
//Click the link to activate the alert
driver.findElement(By.linkText("See a sample prompt")).click()
//Wait for the alert to be displayed and store it in a variable
val alert = wait.until(ExpectedConditions.alertIsPresent())
//Type your message
alert.sendKeys("Selenium")
//Press the OK button
alert.accept()
3 - 同cookies一起工作
Cookie是从网站发送并存储在您的计算机中的一小段数据. Cookies主要用于识别用户并加载存储的信息.
WebDriver API提供了一种使用内置的方法与Cookie进行交互:
添加 Cookie
这个方法常常用于将cookie添加到当前访问的上下文中. 添加Cookie仅接受一组已定义的可序列化JSON对象. 这里
是一个链接, 用于描述可接受的JSON键值的列表
首先, 您需要位于有效Cookie的域上. 如果您在开始与网站进行交互之前尝试预设cookie, 并且您的首页很大或需要一段时间才能加载完毕, 则可以选择在网站上找到一个较小的页面 (通常404页很小,
例如 http://example.com/some404page)
import org.openqa.selenium.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
public class addCookie {
public static void main(String[] args) {
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
try {
driver.get("http://www.example.com");
// Adds the cookie into current browser context
driver.manage().addCookie(new Cookie("key", "value"));
} finally {
driver.quit();
}
}
}
from selenium import webdriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("http://www.example.com")
# Adds the cookie into current browser context
driver.add_cookie({"name": "key", "value": "value"})
using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
namespace AddCookie {
class AddCookie {
public static void Main(string[] args) {
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
try {
// Navigate to Url
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://example.com");
// Adds the cookie into current browser context
driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(new Cookie("key", "value"));
} finally {
driver.Quit();
}
}
}
}
require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
begin
driver.get 'https://www.example.com'
# Adds the cookie into current browser context
driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "key", value: "value")
ensure
driver.quit
end
it('Create a cookie', async function() {
await driver.get('https://www.example.com');
// set a cookie on the current domain
await driver.manage().addCookie({ name: 'key', value: 'value' });
import org.openqa.selenium.Cookie
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
fun main() {
val driver = ChromeDriver()
try {
driver.get("https://example.com")
// Adds the cookie into current browser context
driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("key", "value"))
} finally {
driver.quit()
}
}
获取命名的 Cookie
此方法返回与cookie名称匹配的序列化cookie数据中所有关联的cookie.
import org.openqa.selenium.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
public class getCookieNamed {
public static void main(String[] args) {
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
try {
driver.get("http://www.example.com");
driver.manage().addCookie(new Cookie("foo", "bar"));
// Get cookie details with named cookie 'foo'
Cookie cookie1 = driver.manage().getCookieNamed("foo");
System.out.println(cookie1);
} finally {
driver.quit();
}
}
}
from selenium import webdriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
# Navigate to url
driver.get("http://www.example.com")
# Adds the cookie into current browser context
driver.add_cookie({"name": "foo", "value": "bar"})
# Get cookie details with named cookie 'foo'
print(driver.get_cookie("foo"))
using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
namespace GetCookieNamed {
class GetCookieNamed {
public static void Main(string[] args) {
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
try {
// Navigate to Url
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://example.com");
driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(new Cookie("foo", "bar"));
// Get cookie details with named cookie 'foo'
var cookie = driver.Manage().Cookies.GetCookieNamed("foo");
System.Console.WriteLine(cookie);
} finally {
driver.Quit();
}
}
}
}
require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
begin
driver.get 'https://www.example.com'
driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "foo", value: "bar")
# Get cookie details with named cookie 'foo'
puts driver.manage.cookie_named('foo')
ensure
driver.quit
end
it('Read cookie', async function() {
await driver.get('https://www.example.com');
// set a cookie on the current domain
await driver.manage().addCookie({ name: 'foo', value: 'bar' });
// Get cookie details with named cookie 'foo'
await driver.manage().getCookie('foo').then(function(cookie) {
console.log('cookie details => ', cookie);
});
import org.openqa.selenium.Cookie
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
fun main() {
val driver = ChromeDriver()
try {
driver.get("https://example.com")
driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("foo", "bar"))
// Get cookie details with named cookie 'foo'
val cookie = driver.manage().getCookieNamed("foo")
println(cookie)
} finally {
driver.quit()
}
}
获取全部 Cookies
此方法会针对当前访问上下文返回“成功的序列化cookie数据”. 如果浏览器不再可用, 则返回错误.
import org.openqa.selenium.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import java.util.Set;
public class getAllCookies {
public static void main(String[] args) {
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
try {
driver.get("http://www.example.com");
// Add few cookies
driver.manage().addCookie(new Cookie("test1", "cookie1"));
driver.manage().addCookie(new Cookie("test2", "cookie2"));
// Get All available cookies
Set<Cookie> cookies = driver.manage().getCookies();
System.out.println(cookies);
} finally {
driver.quit();
}
}
}
from selenium import webdriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
# Navigate to url
driver.get("http://www.example.com")
driver.add_cookie({"name": "test1", "value": "cookie1"})
driver.add_cookie({"name": "test2", "value": "cookie2"})
# Get all available cookies
print(driver.get_cookies())
using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
namespace GetAllCookies {
class GetAllCookies {
public static void Main(string[] args) {
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
try {
// Navigate to Url
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://example.com");
driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(new Cookie("test1", "cookie1"));
driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(new Cookie("test2", "cookie2"));
// Get All available cookies
var cookies = driver.Manage().Cookies.AllCookies;
} finally {
driver.Quit();
}
}
}
}
require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
begin
driver.get 'https://www.example.com'
driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "test1", value: "cookie1")
driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "test2", value: "cookie2")
# Get all available cookies
puts driver.manage.all_cookies
ensure
driver.quit
end
it('Read all cookies', async function() {
await driver.get('https://www.example.com');
// Add few cookies
await driver.manage().addCookie({ name: 'test1', value: 'cookie1' });
await driver.manage().addCookie({ name: 'test2', value: 'cookie2' });
// Get all Available cookies
await driver.manage().getCookies().then(function(cookies) {
console.log('cookie details => ', cookies);
});
import org.openqa.selenium.Cookie
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
fun main() {
val driver = ChromeDriver()
try {
driver.get("https://example.com")
driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("test1", "cookie1"))
driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("test2", "cookie2"))
// Get All available cookies
val cookies = driver.manage().cookies
println(cookies)
} finally {
driver.quit()
}
}
删除 Cookie
此方法删除与提供的cookie名称匹配的cookie数据.
import org.openqa.selenium.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
public class deleteCookie {
public static void main(String[] args) {
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
try {
driver.get("http://www.example.com");
driver.manage().addCookie(new Cookie("test1", "cookie1"));
Cookie cookie1 = new Cookie("test2", "cookie2");
driver.manage().addCookie(cookie1);
// delete a cookie with name 'test1'
driver.manage().deleteCookieNamed("test1");
/*
Selenium Java bindings also provides a way to delete
cookie by passing cookie object of current browsing context
*/
driver.manage().deleteCookie(cookie1);
} finally {
driver.quit();
}
}
}
from selenium import webdriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
# Navigate to url
driver.get("http://www.example.com")
driver.add_cookie({"name": "test1", "value": "cookie1"})
driver.add_cookie({"name": "test2", "value": "cookie2"})
# Delete a cookie with name 'test1'
driver.delete_cookie("test1")
using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
namespace DeleteCookie {
class DeleteCookie {
public static void Main(string[] args) {
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
try {
// Navigate to Url
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://example.com");
driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(new Cookie("test1", "cookie1"));
var cookie = new Cookie("test2", "cookie2");
driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(cookie);
// delete a cookie with name 'test1'
driver.Manage().Cookies.DeleteCookieNamed("test1");
// Selenium .net bindings also provides a way to delete
// cookie by passing cookie object of current browsing context
driver.Manage().Cookies.DeleteCookie(cookie);
} finally {
driver.Quit();
}
}
}
}
require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
begin
driver.get 'https://www.example.com'
driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "test1", value: "cookie1")
driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "test2", value: "cookie2")
# delete a cookie with name 'test1'
driver.manage.delete_cookie('test1')
ensure
driver.quit
end
it('Delete a cookie', async function() {
await driver.get('https://www.example.com');
// Add few cookies
await driver.manage().addCookie({ name: 'test1', value: 'cookie1' });
await driver.manage().addCookie({ name: 'test2', value: 'cookie2' });
// Delete a cookie with name 'test1'
await driver.manage().deleteCookie('test1');
// Get all Available cookies
await driver.manage().getCookies().then(function(cookies) {
console.log('cookie details => ', cookies);
});
import org.openqa.selenium.Cookie
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
fun main() {
val driver = ChromeDriver()
try {
driver.get("https://example.com")
driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("test1", "cookie1"))
val cookie1 = Cookie("test2", "cookie2")
driver.manage().addCookie(cookie1)
// delete a cookie with name 'test1'
driver.manage().deleteCookieNamed("test1")
// delete cookie by passing cookie object of current browsing context.
driver.manage().deleteCookie(cookie1)
} finally {
driver.quit()
}
}
删除所有 Cookies
此方法删除当前访问上下文的所有cookie.
import org.openqa.selenium.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
public class deleteAllCookies {
public static void main(String[] args) {
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
try {
driver.get("http://www.example.com");
driver.manage().addCookie(new Cookie("test1", "cookie1"));
driver.manage().addCookie(new Cookie("test2", "cookie2"));
// deletes all cookies
driver.manage().deleteAllCookies();
} finally {
driver.quit();
}
}
}
from selenium import webdriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
# Navigate to url
driver.get("http://www.example.com")
driver.add_cookie({"name": "test1", "value": "cookie1"})
driver.add_cookie({"name": "test2", "value": "cookie2"})
# Deletes all cookies
driver.delete_all_cookies()
using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
namespace DeleteAllCookies {
class DeleteAllCookies {
public static void Main(string[] args) {
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
try {
// Navigate to Url
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://example.com");
driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(new Cookie("test1", "cookie1"));
driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(new Cookie("test2", "cookie2"));
// deletes all cookies
driver.Manage().Cookies.DeleteAllCookies();
} finally {
driver.Quit();
}
}
}
}
require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
begin
driver.get 'https://www.example.com'
driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "test1", value: "cookie1")
driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "test2", value: "cookie2")
# deletes all cookies
driver.manage.delete_all_cookies
ensure
driver.quit
end
it('Delete all cookies', async function() {
await driver.get('https://www.example.com');
// Add few cookies
await driver.manage().addCookie({ name: 'test1', value: 'cookie1' });
await driver.manage().addCookie({ name: 'test2', value: 'cookie2' });
// Delete all cookies
await driver.manage().deleteAllCookies();
import org.openqa.selenium.Cookie
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
fun main() {
val driver = ChromeDriver()
try {
driver.get("https://example.com")
driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("test1", "cookie1"))
driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("test2", "cookie2"))
// deletes all cookies
driver.manage().deleteAllCookies()
} finally {
driver.quit()
}
}
Same-Site Cookie属性
此属性允许用户引导浏览器控制cookie, 是否与第三方站点发起的请求一起发送.
引入其是为了防止CSRF(跨站请求伪造)攻击.
Same-Site cookie属性接受以下两种参数作为指令
Strict:
当sameSite属性设置为 Strict,
cookie不会与来自第三方网站的请求一起发送.
Lax:
当您将cookie sameSite属性设置为 Lax,
cookie将与第三方网站发起的GET请求一起发送.
注意: 到目前为止,
此功能已在Chrome(80+版本),
Firefox(79+版本)中提供,
并适用于Selenium 4以及更高版本.
import org.openqa.selenium.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
public class cookieTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
try {
driver.get("http://www.example.com");
Cookie cookie = new Cookie.Builder("key", "value").sameSite("Strict").build();
Cookie cookie1 = new Cookie.Builder("key", "value").sameSite("Lax").build();
driver.manage().addCookie(cookie);
driver.manage().addCookie(cookie1);
System.out.println(cookie.getSameSite());
System.out.println(cookie1.getSameSite());
} finally {
driver.quit();
}
}
}
from selenium import webdriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("http://www.example.com")
# Adds the cookie into current browser context with sameSite 'Strict' (or) 'Lax'
driver.add_cookie({"name": "foo", "value": "value", 'sameSite': 'Strict'})
driver.add_cookie({"name": "foo1", "value": "value", 'sameSite': 'Lax'})
cookie1 = driver.get_cookie('foo')
cookie2 = driver.get_cookie('foo1')
print(cookie1)
print(cookie2)
using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
namespace SameSiteCookie {
class SameSiteCookie {
static void Main(string[] args) {
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
try {
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("http://www.example.com");
var cookie1Dictionary = new System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary<string, object>() {
{ "name", "test1" }, { "value", "cookie1" }, { "sameSite", "Strict" } };
var cookie1 = Cookie.FromDictionary(cookie1Dictionary);
var cookie2Dictionary = new System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary<string, object>() {
{ "name", "test2" }, { "value", "cookie2" }, { "sameSite", "Lax" } };
var cookie2 = Cookie.FromDictionary(cookie2Dictionary);
driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(cookie1);
driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(cookie2);
System.Console.WriteLine(cookie1.SameSite);
System.Console.WriteLine(cookie2.SameSite);
} finally {
driver.Quit();
}
}
}
}
require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
begin
driver.get 'https://www.example.com'
# Adds the cookie into current browser context with sameSite 'Strict' (or) 'Lax'
driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "foo", value: "bar", same_site: "Strict")
driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "foo1", value: "bar", same_site: "Lax")
puts driver.manage.cookie_named('foo')
puts driver.manage.cookie_named('foo1')
ensure
driver.quit
end
it('Create cookies with sameSite', async function() {
await driver.get('https://www.example.com');
// set a cookie on the current domain with sameSite 'Strict' (or) 'Lax'
await driver.manage().addCookie({ name: 'key', value: 'value', sameSite: 'Strict' });
await driver.manage().addCookie({ name: 'key', value: 'value', sameSite: 'Lax' });
import org.openqa.selenium.Cookie
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
fun main() {
val driver = ChromeDriver()
try {
driver.get("http://www.example.com")
val cookie = Cookie.Builder("key", "value").sameSite("Strict").build()
val cookie1 = Cookie.Builder("key", "value").sameSite("Lax").build()
driver.manage().addCookie(cookie)
driver.manage().addCookie(cookie1)
println(cookie.getSameSite())
println(cookie1.getSameSite())
} finally {
driver.quit()
}
}
4 - 与IFrames和frames一起工作
框架是一种现在已被弃用的方法,用于从同一域中的多个文档构建站点布局。除非你使用的是 HTML5
之前的 webapp,否则你不太可能与他们合作。内嵌框架允许插入来自完全不同领域的文档,并且仍然经常使用。
如果您需要使用框架或 iframe, WebDriver 允许您以相同的方式使用它们。考虑 iframe 中的一个按钮。
如果我们使用浏览器开发工具检查元素,我们可能会看到以下内容:
<div id="modal">
<iframe id="buttonframe"name="myframe"src="https://seleniumhq.github.io">
<button>Click here</button>
</iframe>
</div>
如果不是 iframe,我们可能会使用如下方式点击按钮:
// 这不会工作
driver.findElement(By.tagName("button")).click();
# 这不会工作
driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, 'button').click()
// 这不会工作
driver.FindElement(By.TagName("button")).Click();
# 这不会工作
driver.find_element(:tag_name,'button').click
// 这不会工作
await driver.findElement(By.css('button')).click();
// 这不会工作
driver.findElement(By.tagName("button")).click()
但是,如果 iframe 之外没有按钮,那么您可能会得到一个 no such element 无此元素 的错误。
这是因为 Selenium 只知道顶层文档中的元素。为了与按钮进行交互,我们需要首先切换到框架,
这与切换窗口的方式类似。WebDriver 提供了三种切换到帧的方法。
使用 WebElement
使用 WebElement 进行切换是最灵活的选择。您可以使用首选的选择器找到框架并切换到它。
// 存储网页元素
WebElement iframe = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#modal>iframe"));
// 切换到 frame
driver.switchTo().frame(iframe);
// 现在可以点击按钮
driver.findElement(By.tagName("button")).click();
# 存储网页元素
iframe = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#modal > iframe")
# 切换到选择的 iframe
driver.switch_to.frame(iframe)
# 单击按钮
driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, 'button').click()
// 存储网页元素
IWebElement iframe = driver.FindElement(By.CssSelector("#modal>iframe"));
// 切换到 frame
driver.SwitchTo().Frame(iframe);
// 现在可以点击按钮
driver.FindElement(By.TagName("button")).Click();
# Store iframe web element
iframe = driver.find_element(:css,'#modal> iframe')
# 切换到 frame
driver.switch_to.frame iframe
# 单击按钮
driver.find_element(:tag_name,'button').click
// 存储网页元素
const iframe = driver.findElement(By.css('#modal> iframe'));
// 切换到 frame
await driver.switchTo().frame(iframe);
// 现在可以点击按钮
await driver.findElement(By.css('button')).click();
// 存储网页元素
val iframe = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#modal>iframe"))
// 切换到 frame
driver.switchTo().frame(iframe)
// 现在可以点击按钮
driver.findElement(By.tagName("button")).click()
使用 name 或 id
如果您的 frame 或 iframe 具有 id 或 name 属性,则可以使用该属性。如果名称或 id 在页面上不是唯一的,
那么将切换到找到的第一个。
// 使用 ID
driver.switchTo().frame("buttonframe");
// 或者使用 name 代替
driver.switchTo().frame("myframe");
// 现在可以点击按钮
driver.findElement(By.tagName("button")).click();
# 通过 id 切换框架
driver.switch_to.frame('buttonframe')
# 单击按钮
driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, 'button').click()
// 使用 ID
driver.SwitchTo().Frame("buttonframe");
// 或者使用 name 代替
driver.SwitchTo().Frame("myframe");
// 现在可以点击按钮
driver.FindElement(By.TagName("button")).Click();
# Switch by ID
driver.switch_to.frame 'buttonframe'
# 单击按钮
driver.find_element(:tag_name,'button').click
// 使用 ID
await driver.switchTo().frame('buttonframe');
// 或者使用 name 代替
await driver.switchTo().frame('myframe');
// 现在可以点击按钮
await driver.findElement(By.css('button')).click();
// 使用 ID
driver.switchTo().frame("buttonframe")
// 或者使用 name 代替
driver.switchTo().frame("myframe")
// 现在可以点击按钮
driver.findElement(By.tagName("button")).click()
使用索引
还可以使用frame的索引,
例如可以使用JavaScript中的
window.frames 进行查询.
// 切换到第 2 个框架
driver.switchTo().frame(1);
# 切换到第 2 个框架
driver.switch_to.frame(1)
// 切换到第 2 个框架
driver.SwitchTo().Frame(1);
# 基于索引切换到第 2 个 iframe
iframe = driver.find_elements(By.TAG_NAME,'iframe')[1]
# 切换到选择的 iframe
driver.switch_to.frame(iframe)
// 切换到第 2 个框架
await driver.switchTo().frame(1);
// 切换到第 2 个框架
driver.switchTo().frame(1)
离开框架
离开 iframe 或 frameset,切换回默认内容,如下所示:
// 回到顶层
driver.switchTo().defaultContent();
# 切回到默认内容
driver.switch_to.default_content()
// 回到顶层
driver.SwitchTo().DefaultContent();
# 回到顶层
driver.switch_to.default_content
// 回到顶层
await driver.switchTo().defaultContent();
// 回到顶层
driver.switchTo().defaultContent()
5 - 同窗口和标签一起工作
窗口和标签页
WebDriver 没有区分窗口和标签页。如果你的站点打开了一个新标签页或窗口,Selenium 将允许您使用窗口句柄来处理它。
每个窗口都有一个唯一的标识符,该标识符在单个会话中保持持久性。你可以使用以下方法获得当前窗口的窗口句柄:
driver.getWindowHandle();
driver.current_window_handle
driver.CurrentWindowHandle;
await driver.getWindowHandle();
切换窗口或标签页
单击在 <a href=“https://seleniumhq.github.io"target="_blank”>新窗口 中打开链接,
则屏幕会聚焦在新窗口或新标签页上,但 WebDriver 不知道操作系统认为哪个窗口是活动的。
要使用新窗口,您需要切换到它。 如果只有两个选项卡或窗口被打开,并且你知道从哪个窗口开始,
则你可以遍历 WebDriver, 通过排除法可以看到两个窗口或选项卡,然后切换到你需要的窗口或选项卡。
不过,Selenium 4 提供了一个新的 api NewWindow
它创建一个新选项卡 (或) 新窗口并自动切换到它。
// 存储原始窗口的 ID
String originalWindow = driver.getWindowHandle();
// 检查一下,我们还没有打开其他的窗口
assert driver.getWindowHandles().size() == 1;
// 点击在新窗口中打开的链接
driver.findElement(By.linkText("new window")).click();
// 等待新窗口或标签页
wait.until(numberOfWindowsToBe(2));
// 循环执行,直到找到一个新的窗口句柄
for (String windowHandle : driver.getWindowHandles()) {
if(!originalWindow.contentEquals(windowHandle)) {
driver.switchTo().window(windowHandle);
break;
}
}
// 等待新标签完成加载内容
wait.until(titleIs("Selenium documentation"));
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
# 启动驱动程序
with webdriver.Firefox() as driver:
# 打开网址
driver.get("https://seleniumhq.github.io")
# 设置等待
wait = WebDriverWait(driver, 10)
# 存储原始窗口的 ID
original_window = driver.current_window_handle
# 检查一下,我们还没有打开其他的窗口
assert len(driver.window_handles) == 1
# 单击在新窗口中打开的链接
driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "new window").click()
# 等待新窗口或标签页
wait.until(EC.number_of_windows_to_be(2))
# 循环执行,直到找到一个新的窗口句柄
for window_handle in driver.window_handles:
if window_handle != original_window:
driver.switch_to.window(window_handle)
break
# 等待新标签页完成加载内容
wait.until(EC.title_is("SeleniumHQ Browser Automation"))
// 存储原始窗口的 ID
string originalWindow = driver.CurrentWindowHandle;
// 检查一下,我们还没有打开其他的窗口
Assert.AreEqual(driver.WindowHandles.Count, 1);
// 单击在新窗口中打开的链接
driver.FindElement(By.LinkText("new window")).Click();
// 等待新窗口或标签页
wait.Until(wd => wd.WindowHandles.Count == 2);
// 循环执行,直到找到一个新的窗口句柄
foreach(string window in driver.WindowHandles)
{if(originalWindow != window)
{driver.SwitchTo().Window(window);
break;
}
}
// 等待新标签页完成加载内容
wait.Until(wd => wd.Title == "Selenium documentation");
# 存储原始窗口的 ID
original_window = driver.window_handle
#检查一下,我们还没有打开其他的窗口
assert(driver.window_handles.length == 1,'Expected one window')
#点击在新窗口中打开的链接
driver.find_element(link:'new window').click
#等待新窗口或标签页
wait.until {driver.window_handles.length == 2}
#循环执行,直到找到一个新的窗口句柄
driver.window_handles.each do |handle|
if handle != original_window
driver.switch_to.window handle
break
end
end
#等待新标签页完成加载内容
wait.until {driver.title =='Selenium documentation'}
// 存储原始窗口的 ID
const originalWindow = await driver.getWindowHandle();
// 检查一下,我们还没有打开其他的窗口
assert((await driver.getAllWindowHandles()).length === 1);
// 点击在新窗口中打开的链接
await driver.findElement(By.linkText('new window')).click();
// 等待新窗口或标签页
await driver.wait(async () => (await driver.getAllWindowHandles()).length === 2,
10000
);
// 循环执行,直到找到一个新的窗口句柄
const windows = await driver.getAllWindowHandles();
windows.forEach(async handle => {if (handle !== originalWindow) {await driver.switchTo().window(handle);
}
});
// 等待新标签页完成加载内容
await driver.wait(until.titleIs('Selenium documentation'), 10000);
// 存储原始窗口的 ID
val originalWindow = driver.getWindowHandle()
// 检查一下,我们还没有打开其他的窗口
assert(driver.getWindowHandles().size() === 1)
// 点击在新窗口中打开的链接
driver.findElement(By.linkText("new window")).click()
// 等待新窗口或标签页
wait.until(numberOfWindowsToBe(2))
// 循环执行,直到找到一个新的窗口句柄
for (windowHandle in driver.getWindowHandles()) {
if (!originalWindow.contentEquals(windowHandle)) {
driver.switchTo().window(windowHandle)
break
}
}
// 等待新标签页完成加载内容
wait.until(titleIs("Selenium documentation"))
创建新窗口(或)新标签页并且切换
创建一个新窗口 (或) 标签页,屏幕焦点将聚焦在新窗口或标签在上。您不需要切换到新窗口 (或) 标签页。如果除了新窗口之外,
您打开了两个以上的窗口 (或) 标签页,您可以通过遍历 WebDriver 看到两个窗口或选项卡,并切换到非原始窗口。
注意: 该特性适用于 Selenium 4 及其后续版本。
// 打开新标签页并切换到新标签页
driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.TAB);
// 打开一个新窗口并切换到新窗口
driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.WINDOW);
# 打开新标签页并切换到新标签页
driver.switch_to.new_window('tab')
# 打开一个新窗口并切换到新窗口
driver.switch_to.new_window('window')
// 打开新标签页并切换到新标签页
driver.SwitchTo().NewWindow(WindowType.Tab)
// 打开一个新窗口并切换到新窗口
driver.SwitchTo().NewWindow(WindowType.Window)
# 注意:ruby 中的 new_window 只打开一个新标签页(或)窗口,不会自动切换
# 用户必须切换到新选项卡 (或) 新窗口
# 打开新标签页并切换到新标签页
driver.manage.new_window(:tab)
# 打开一个新窗口并切换到新窗口
driver.manage.new_window(:window)
// 打开新标签页并切换到新标签页
await driver.switchTo().newWindow('tab');
// 打开一个新窗口并切换到新窗口
await driver.switchTo().newWindow('window');
// 打开新标签页并切换到新标签页
driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.TAB)
// 打开一个新窗口并切换到新窗口
driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.WINDOW)
关闭窗口或标签页
当你完成了一个窗口或标签页的工作时,_并且_它不是浏览器中最后一个打开的窗口或标签页时,你应该关闭它并切换回你之前使用的窗口。
假设您遵循了前一节中的代码示例,您将把前一个窗口句柄存储在一个变量中。把这些放在一起,你会得到:
//关闭标签页或窗口
driver.close();
//切回到之前的标签页或窗口
driver.switchTo().window(originalWindow);
#关闭标签页或窗口
driver.close()
#切回到之前的标签页或窗口
driver.switch_to.window(original_window)
//关闭标签页或窗口
driver.Close();
//切回到之前的标签页或窗口
driver.SwitchTo().Window(originalWindow);
#关闭标签页或窗口
driver.close
#切回到之前的标签页或窗口
driver.switch_to.window original_window
//关闭标签页或窗口
await driver.close();
//切回到之前的标签页或窗口
await driver.switchTo().window(originalWindow);
//关闭标签页或窗口
driver.close()
//切回到之前的标签页或窗口
driver.switchTo().window(originalWindow)
如果在关闭一个窗口后忘记切换回另一个窗口句柄,WebDriver 将在当前关闭的页面上执行,并触发一个
No Such Window Exception 无此窗口异常。必须切换回有效的窗口句柄才能继续执行。
在会话结束时退出浏览器
当你完成了浏览器会话,你应该调用 quit 退出,而不是 close 关闭:
- 退出将会
- 关闭所有与 WebDriver 会话相关的窗口和选项卡
- 结束浏览器进程
- 结束后台驱动进程
- 通知 Selenium Grid 浏览器不再使用,以便可以由另一个会话使用它(如果您正在使用 Selenium Grid)
调用 quit() 失败将留下额外的后台进程和端口运行在机器上,这可能在以后导致一些问题。
有的测试框架提供了一些方法和注释,您可以在测试结束时放入 teardown() 方法中。
/**
* 使用 JUnit 的例子
* https://junit.org/junit5/docs/current/api/org/junit/jupiter/api/AfterAll.html
*/
@AfterAll
public static void tearDown() {
driver.quit();
}
# unittest teardown
# https://docs.python.org/3/library/unittest.html?highlight=teardown#unittest.TestCase.tearDown
def tearDown(self):
self.driver.quit()
/*
使用 Visual Studio 的 UnitTesting 的例子
https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/microsoft.visualstudio.testtools.unittesting.aspx
*/
[TestCleanup]
public void TearDown()
{driver.Quit();
}
# UnitTest Teardown
# https://www.rubydoc.info/github/test-unit/test-unit/Test/Unit/TestCase
def teardown
@driver.quit
end
/**
* 使用 Mocha 的例子
* https://mochajs.org/#hooks
*/
after('Tear down', async function () {await driver.quit();
});
/**
* 使用 JUnit 的例子
* https://junit.org/junit5/docs/current/api/org/junit/jupiter/api/AfterAll.html
*/
@AfterAll
fun tearDown() {
driver.quit()
}
如果不在测试上下文中运行 WebDriver,您可以考虑使用 try / finally
,这是大多数语言都提供的,
这样一个异常处理仍然可以清理 WebDriver 会话。
try {
//WebDriver 代码…
} finally {
driver.quit();
}
try:
#WebDriver 代码…
finally:
driver.quit()
try {//WebDriver 代码…} finally {driver.Quit();
}
begin
#WebDriver 代码…
ensure
driver.quit
end
try {//WebDriver 代码…} finally {await driver.quit();
}
try {//WebDriver 代码…} finally {driver.quit()
}
Python 的 WebDriver 现在支持 Python 上下文管理器,当使用 with 关键字时,可以在执行结束时自动退出驱动程序。
with webdriver.Firefox() as driver:
# WebDriver 代码…
# 在此缩进位置后 WebDriver 会自动退出
窗口管理
屏幕分辨率会影响 web 应用程序的呈现方式,因此 WebDriver 提供了移动和调整浏览器窗口大小的机制。
获取窗口大小
获取浏览器窗口的大小(以像素为单位)。
// 分别获取每个尺寸
int width = driver.manage().window().getSize().getWidth();
int height = driver.manage().window().getSize().getHeight();
// 或者存储尺寸并在以后查询它们
Dimension size = driver.manage().window().getSize();
int width1 = size.getWidth();
int height1 = size.getHeight();
# 分别获取每个尺寸
width = driver.get_window_size().get("width")
height = driver.get_window_size().get("height")
# 或者存储尺寸并在以后查询它们
size = driver.get_window_size()
width1 = size.get("width")
height1 = size.get("height")
// 分别获取每个尺寸
int width = driver.Manage().Window.Size.Width;
int height = driver.Manage().Window.Size.Height;
// 或者存储尺寸并在以后查询它们
System.Drawing.Size size = driver.Manage().Window.Size;
int width1 = size.Width;
int height1 = size.Height;
# 分别获取每个尺寸
width = driver.manage.window.size.width
height = driver.manage.window.size.height
# 或者存储尺寸并在以后查询它们
size = driver.manage.window.size
width1 = size.width
height1 = size.height
// 分别获取每个尺寸
const {width, height} = await driver.manage().window().getRect();
// 或者存储尺寸并在以后查询它们
const rect = await driver.manage().window().getRect();
const width1 = rect.width;
const height1 = rect.height;
// 分别获取每个尺寸
val width = driver.manage().window().size.width
val height = driver.manage().window().size.height
// 或者存储尺寸并在以后查询它们
val size = driver.manage().window().size
val width1 = size.width
val height1 = size.height
设置窗口大小
恢复窗口并设置窗口大小。
driver.manage().window().setSize(new Dimension(1024, 768));
driver.set_window_size(1024, 768)
driver.Manage().Window.Size = new Size(1024, 768);
driver.manage.window.resize_to(1024,768)
await driver.manage().window().setRect({width: 1024, height: 768});
driver.manage().window().size = Dimension(1024, 768)
得到窗口的位置
获取浏览器窗口左上角的坐标。
// 分别获取每个尺寸
int x = driver.manage().window().getPosition().getX();
int y = driver.manage().window().getPosition().getY();
// 或者存储尺寸并在以后查询它们
Point position = driver.manage().window().getPosition();
int x1 = position.getX();
int y1 = position.getY();
# 分别获取每个尺寸
x = driver.get_window_position().get('x')
y = driver.get_window_position().get('y')
# 或者存储尺寸并在以后查询它们
position = driver.get_window_position()
x1 = position.get('x')
y1 = position.get('y')
// 分别获取每个尺寸
int x = driver.Manage().Window.Position.X;
int y = driver.Manage().Window.Position.Y;
// 或者存储尺寸并在以后查询它们
Point position = driver.Manage().Window.Position;
int x1 = position.X;
int y1 = position.Y;
#Access each dimension individually
x = driver.manage.window.position.x
y = driver.manage.window.position.y
# Or store the dimensions and query them later
rect = driver.manage.window.rect
x1 = rect.x
y1 = rect.y
// 分别获取每个尺寸
const {x, y} = await driver.manage().window().getRect();
// 或者存储尺寸并在以后查询它们
const rect = await driver.manage().window().getRect();
const x1 = rect.x;
const y1 = rect.y;
// 分别获取每个尺寸
val x = driver.manage().window().position.x
val y = driver.manage().window().position.y
// 或者存储尺寸并在以后查询它们
val position = driver.manage().window().position
val x1 = position.x
val y1 = position.y
设置窗口位置
将窗口移动到设定的位置。
// 将窗口移动到主显示器的左上角
driver.manage().window().setPosition(new Point(0, 0));
# 将窗口移动到主显示器的左上角
driver.set_window_position(0, 0)
// 将窗口移动到主显示器的左上角
driver.Manage().Window.Position = new Point(0, 0);
driver.manage.window.move_to(0,0)
// 将窗口移动到主显示器的左上角
await driver.manage().window().setRect({x: 0, y: 0});
// 将窗口移动到主显示器的左上角
driver.manage().window().position = Point(0,0)
最大化窗口
扩大窗口。对于大多数操作系统,窗口将填满屏幕,而不会阻挡操作系统自己的菜单和工具栏。
driver.manage().window().maximize();
driver.Manage().Window.Maximize();
driver.manage.window.maximize
await driver.manage().window().maximize();
driver.manage().window().maximize()
最小化窗口
最小化当前浏览上下文的窗口.
这种命令的精准行为将作用于各个特定的窗口管理器.
最小化窗口通常将窗口隐藏在系统托盘中.
注意: 此功能适用于Selenium 4以及更高版本.
driver.manage().window().minimize();
driver.Manage().Window.Minimize();
driver.manage.window.minimize
await driver.manage().window().minimize();
driver.manage().window().minimize()
全屏窗口
填充整个屏幕,类似于在大多数浏览器中按下 F11。
driver.manage().window().fullscreen();
driver.fullscreen_window()
driver.Manage().Window.FullScreen();
driver.manage.window.full_screen
await driver.manage().window().fullscreen();
driver.manage().window().fullscreen()
屏幕截图
用于捕获当前浏览上下文的屏幕截图.
WebDriver端点
屏幕截图
返回以Base64格式编码的屏幕截图.
import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import java.io.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.*;
public class SeleniumTakeScreenshot {
public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException {
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.get("http://www.example.com");
File scrFile = ((TakesScreenshot)driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
FileUtils.copyFile(scrFile, new File("./image.png"));
driver.quit();
}
}
from selenium import webdriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
# Navigate to url
driver.get("http://www.example.com")
# Returns and base64 encoded string into image
driver.save_screenshot('./image.png')
driver.quit()
using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Support.UI;
var driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("http://www.example.com");
Screenshot screenshot = (driver as ITakesScreenshot).GetScreenshot();
screenshot.SaveAsFile("screenshot.png", ScreenshotImageFormat.Png); // Format values are Bmp, Gif, Jpeg, Png, Tiff
require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
begin
driver.get 'https://example.com/'
# Takes and Stores the screenshot in specified path
driver.save_screenshot('./image.png')
end
let {Builder} = require('selenium-webdriver');
let fs = require('fs');
(async function example() {
let driver = await new Builder()
.forBrowser('chrome')
.build();
await driver.get('https://www.example.com');
// Returns base64 encoded string
let encodedString = await driver.takeScreenshot();
await fs.writeFileSync('./image.png', encodedString, 'base64');
await driver.quit();
}())
import com.oracle.tools.packager.IOUtils.copyFile
import org.openqa.selenium.*
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
import java.io.File
fun main(){
val driver = ChromeDriver()
driver.get("https://www.example.com")
val scrFile = (driver as TakesScreenshot).getScreenshotAs<File>(OutputType.FILE)
copyFile(scrFile, File("./image.png"))
driver.quit()
}
元素屏幕截图
用于捕获当前浏览上下文的元素的屏幕截图.
WebDriver端点
屏幕截图
返回以Base64格式编码的屏幕截图.
import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
import org.openqa.selenium.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
public class SeleniumelementTakeScreenshot {
public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException {
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.get("https://www.example.com");
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("h1"));
File scrFile = element.getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
FileUtils.copyFile(scrFile, new File("./image.png"));
driver.quit();
}
}
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
# Navigate to url
driver.get("http://www.example.com")
ele = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, 'h1')
# Returns and base64 encoded string into image
ele.screenshot('./image.png')
driver.quit()
using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Support.UI;
// Webdriver
var driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("http://www.example.com");
// Fetch element using FindElement
var webElement = driver.FindElement(By.CssSelector("h1"));
// Screenshot for the element
var elementScreenshot = (webElement as ITakesScreenshot).GetScreenshot();
elementScreenshot.SaveAsFile("screenshot_of_element.png");
# Works with Selenium4-alpha7 Ruby bindings and above
require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
begin
driver.get 'https://example.com/'
ele = driver.find_element(:css, 'h1')
# Takes and Stores the element screenshot in specified path
ele.save_screenshot('./image.jpg')
end
const {Builder, By} = require('selenium-webdriver');
let fs = require('fs');
(async function example() {
let driver = await new Builder()
.forBrowser('chrome')
.build();
await driver.get('https://www.example.com');
let ele = await driver.findElement(By.css("h1"));
// Captures the element screenshot
let encodedString = await ele.takeScreenshot(true);
await fs.writeFileSync('./image.png', encodedString, 'base64');
await driver.quit();
}())
import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
import org.openqa.selenium.*
import java.io.File
fun main() {
val driver = ChromeDriver()
driver.get("https://www.example.com")
val element = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("h1"))
val scrFile: File = element.getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE)
FileUtils.copyFile(scrFile, File("./image.png"))
driver.quit()
}
执行脚本
在当前frame或者窗口的上下文中,执行JavaScript代码片段.
//Creating the JavascriptExecutor interface object by Type casting
JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor)driver;
//Button Element
WebElement button =driver.findElement(By.name("btnLogin"));
//Executing JavaScript to click on element
js.executeScript("arguments[0].click();", button);
//Get return value from script
String text = (String) js.executeScript("return arguments[0].innerText", button);
//Executing JavaScript directly
js.executeScript("console.log('hello world')");
# Stores the header element
header = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "h1")
# Executing JavaScript to capture innerText of header element
driver.execute_script('return arguments[0].innerText', header)
//creating Chromedriver instance
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
//Creating the JavascriptExecutor interface object by Type casting
IJavaScriptExecutor js = (IJavaScriptExecutor) driver;
//Button Element
IWebElement button = driver.FindElement(By.Name("btnLogin"));
//Executing JavaScript to click on element
js.ExecuteScript("arguments[0].click();", button);
//Get return value from script
String text = (String)js.ExecuteScript("return arguments[0].innerText", button);
//Executing JavaScript directly
js.ExecuteScript("console.log('hello world')");
# Stores the header element
header = driver.find_element(css: 'h1')
# Get return value from script
result = driver.execute_script("return arguments[0].innerText", header)
# Executing JavaScript directly
driver.execute_script("alert('hello world')")
// Stores the header element
let header = await driver.findElement(By.css('h1'));
// Executing JavaScript to capture innerText of header element
let text = await driver.executeScript('return arguments[0].innerText', header);
// Stores the header element
val header = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("h1"))
// Get return value from script
val result = driver.executeScript("return arguments[0].innerText", header)
// Executing JavaScript directly
driver.executeScript("alert('hello world')")
打印页面
打印当前浏览器内的页面
注意: 此功能需要无头模式下的Chromium浏览器
import org.openqa.selenium.print.PrintOptions;
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev");
printer = (PrintsPage) driver;
PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
printOptions.setPageRanges("1-2");
Pdf pdf = printer.print(printOptions);
String content = pdf.getContent();
from selenium.webdriver.common.print_page_options import PrintOptions
print_options = PrintOptions()
print_options.page_ranges = ['1-2']
driver.get("printPage.html")
base64code = driver.print_page(print_options)
// code sample not available please raise a PR
driver.navigate_to 'https://www.selenium.dev'
base64encodedContent = driver.print_page(orientation: 'landscape')
const {Builder} = require('selenium-webdriver');
const chrome = require('selenium-webdriver/chrome');
let opts = new chrome.Options();
let fs = require('fs');
(async function example() {
let driver = new Builder()
.forBrowser('chrome')
.setChromeOptions(opts.headless())
.build();
await driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev');
try {
let base64 = await driver.printPage({pageRanges:["1-2"]});
await fs.writeFileSync('./test.pdf', base64, 'base64');
} catch (e) {
console.log(e)
}
await driver.quit();
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev")
val printer = driver as PrintsPage
val printOptions = PrintOptions()
printOptions.setPageRanges("1-2")
val pdf: Pdf = printer.print(printOptions)
val content = pdf.content
6 - 虚拟身份验证器
一种Web身份验证器模型的表示形式.
Web 应用程序可以启用基于公钥的身份验证机制(称为 Web 身份验证)以无密码方式对用户进行身份验证。
Web 身份验证 定义了允许用户创建公钥凭据并将其注册到身份验证器的 API。
身份验证器可以是硬件设备或软件实体,用于存储用户的公钥凭证并根据请求检索它们。
顾名思义,虚拟身份验证器模拟此类身份验证器进行测试。
虚拟身份验证器选项
虚拟身份验证器具有 一组属性。
这些属性在 Selenium 绑定中映射为 VirtualAuthenticatorOptions。
new PKCS8EncodedKeySpec(Base64.getUrlDecoder().decode(base64EncodedEC256PK));
public WebDriver driver;
@BeforeEach
public void setup() {
driver = new ChromeDriver();
// Create virtual authenticator options
VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
.SetIsUserVerified(true)
.SetHasUserVerification(true)
.SetIsUserConsenting(true)
.SetTransport(VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Transport.USB)
.SetProtocol(VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Protocol.U2F)
.SetHasResidentKey(false);
it('Virtual options', async function () {
options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions();
options.setIsUserVerified(true);
options.setHasUserVerification(true);
options.setIsUserConsenting(true);
options.setTransport(Transport['USB']);
options.setProtocol(Protocol['U2F']);
添加虚拟身份验证器
它使用提供的属性创建一个新的虚拟身份验证器。
@Test
public void testVirtualOptions() {
// Create virtual authenticator options
VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
.setIsUserVerified(true)
// Create virtual authenticator options
VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
.SetProtocol(VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Protocol.U2F)
.SetHasResidentKey(false);
// Register a virtual authenticator
((WebDriver)driver).AddVirtualAuthenticator(options);
List<Credential> credentialList = ((WebDriver)driver).GetCredentials();
options.setProtocol(Protocol['U2F']);
options.setHasResidentKey(false);
// Register a virtual authenticator
await driver.addVirtualAuthenticator(options);
删除虚拟身份验证器
删除之前添加的虚拟身份验证器。
VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
.SetProtocol(VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Protocol.U2F)
.SetHasResidentKey(false);
String virtualAuthenticatorId = ((WebDriver)driver).AddVirtualAuthenticator(options);
((WebDriver)driver).RemoveVirtualAuthenticator(virtualAuthenticatorId);
await driver.addVirtualAuthenticator(options);
await driver.removeVirtualAuthenticator();
创建永久凭据
使用给定的所需凭据 参数 创建一个永久(有状态的)凭据。
public void testRemoveAuthenticator() {
VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions();
VirtualAuthenticator authenticator =
((HasVirtualAuthenticator) driver).addVirtualAuthenticator(options);
byte[] credentialId = { 1, 2, 3, 4 };
byte[] userHandle = { 1 };
Credential residentCredential = Credential.CreateResidentCredential(
credentialId, "localhost", base64EncodedPK, userHandle, 0);
创建临时凭据
使用给定的所需凭据 参数 创建一个常驻(无状态)凭据。
new PKCS8EncodedKeySpec(Base64.getUrlDecoder().decode(base64EncodedEC256PK));
byte[] credentialId = {1, 2, 3, 4};
byte[] credentialId = { 1, 2, 3, 4 };
Credential nonResidentCredential = Credential.CreateNonResidentCredential(
credentialId, "localhost", base64EncodedEC256PK, 0);
添加凭据
向身份验证器注册凭据。
.setProtocol(VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Protocol.U2F)
.setHasResidentKey(true);
VirtualAuthenticator authenticator = ((HasVirtualAuthenticator) driver).addVirtualAuthenticator(options);
PKCS8EncodedKeySpec privateKey =
new PKCS8EncodedKeySpec(Base64.getUrlDecoder().decode(base64EncodedEC256PK));
byte[] credentialId = {1, 2, 3, 4};
byte[] userHandle = {1};
VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
.SetProtocol(VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Protocol.U2F)
.SetHasResidentKey(false);
((WebDriver)driver).AddVirtualAuthenticator(options);
byte[] credentialId = { 1, 2, 3, 4 };
Credential nonResidentCredential = Credential.CreateNonResidentCredential(
credentialId, "localhost", base64EncodedEC256PK, 0);
((WebDriver)driver).AddCredential(nonResidentCredential);
获取凭据
返回身份验证者拥有的凭据列表。
VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
.setProtocol(VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Protocol.U2F)
.setHasResidentKey(false);
VirtualAuthenticator authenticator = ((HasVirtualAuthenticator) driver).addVirtualAuthenticator(options);
byte[] credentialId = {1, 2, 3, 4};
Credential nonResidentCredential = Credential.createNonResidentCredential(
credentialId, "localhost", ec256PrivateKey, /*signCount=*/0);
authenticator.addCredential(nonResidentCredential);
List<Credential> credentialList = authenticator.getCredentials();
Assertions.assertEquals(1, credentialList.size());
Credential credential = credentialList.get(0);
VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
.SetProtocol(Protocol.CTAP2)
.SetHasResidentKey(true)
.SetHasUserVerification(true)
.SetIsUserVerified(true);
((WebDriver)driver).AddVirtualAuthenticator(options);
byte[] credentialId = { 1, 2, 3, 4 };
byte[] userHandle = { 1 };
Credential residentCredential = Credential.CreateResidentCredential(
credentialId, "localhost", base64EncodedPK, userHandle, 0);
((WebDriver)driver).AddCredential(residentCredential);
List<Credential> credentialList = ((WebDriver)driver).GetCredentials();
删除凭据
根据传递的凭据ID从身份验证器中删除凭据。
((WebDriver)driver).AddVirtualAuthenticator(new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions());
byte[] credentialId = { 1, 2, 3, 4 };
Credential nonResidentCredential = Credential.CreateNonResidentCredential(
credentialId, "localhost", base64EncodedEC256PK, 0);
((WebDriver)driver).AddCredential(nonResidentCredential);
((WebDriver)driver).RemoveCredential(credentialId);
.setIsUserVerified(true);
VirtualAuthenticator authenticator = ((HasVirtualAuthenticator) driver).addVirtualAuthenticator(options);
byte[] credentialId = {1, 2, 3, 4};
byte[] userHandle = {1};
Credential residentCredential = Credential.createResidentCredential(
credentialId, "localhost", rsaPrivateKey, userHandle, /*signCount=*/0);
authenticator.addCredential(residentCredential);
删除所有凭据
从身份验证器中删除所有凭据。
Assertions.assertArrayEquals(rsaPrivateKey.getEncoded(), credential.getPrivateKey().getEncoded());
}
@Test
public void testRemoveCredential() {
VirtualAuthenticator authenticator =
((HasVirtualAuthenticator) driver).addVirtualAuthenticator(new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions());
byte[] credentialId = {1, 2, 3, 4};
Credential credential = Credential.createNonResidentCredential(
((WebDriver)driver).AddVirtualAuthenticator(new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions());
byte[] credentialId = { 1, 2, 3, 4 };
Credential nonResidentCredential = Credential.CreateNonResidentCredential(
credentialId, "localhost", base64EncodedEC256PK, 0);
((WebDriver)driver).AddCredential(nonResidentCredential);
((WebDriver)driver).RemoveAllCredentials();
设置用户验证状态
设置身份验证器是模拟用户验证成功还是失败。
Assertions.assertEquals(0, authenticator.getCredentials().size());
}
VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
.SetIsUserVerified(true);