Further items of note for using Visual Studio Code (vscode) and C#
Install the compatible .NET SDK as per the section above.
Also install the vscode extensions (Ctrl-Shift-X) for C# and NuGet.
Follow the instruction here
to create and run the “Hello World” console project using C#.
You may also create a NUnit starter project using the command line dotnet new NUnit.
Make sure the file %appdata%\NuGet\nuget.config is configured properly as some developers reported that it will be empty due to some issues.
If nuget.config is empty, or not configured properly, then .NET builds will fail for Selenium Projects.
Add the following section to the file nuget.config if it is empty:
For more info about nuget.configclick here.
You may have to customize nuget.config to meet you needs.
Now, go back to vscode, press Ctrl-Shift-P, and type “NuGet Add Package”, and enter the required Selenium packages such as Selenium.WebDriver.
Press Enter and select the version.
Now you can use the examples in the documentation related to C# with vscode.
You can see the minimum required version of Ruby for any given Selenium version
on rubygems.org
Selenium Manager helps you to get a working environment to run Selenium out of the box
(no additional downloads! no additional configurations!).
Selenium Manager attempts to obtain the most correct driver for any browser
supported by Selenium in a performant way.
Selenium Manager is currently “opt-in,” which means
that it is only used if code would otherwise fail.
That means if you manage drivers by one of the approaches below, Selenium Manager
will not be used.
2. ドライバー管理ソフトウェア
Before Selenium Manager was created, many users turned to other projects to automatically
manage their drivers. Most of the functionality of these libraries exists natively in
the latest version of Selenium.
If you can’t use Selenium Manager because you are using
an older version of Selenium (please upgrade),
or need an advanced feature not yet implemented by Selenium Manager,
you might try one of these tools:
Synchronizing the code with the current state of the browser is one of the biggest challenges
with Selenium, and doing it well is an advanced topic.
Essentially you want to make sure that the element is on the page before you attempt to locate it
and the element is in an interactable state before you attempt to interact with it.
An implicit wait is rarely the best solution, but it’s the easiest to demonstrate here, so
we’ll use it as a placeholder.
If you are using Selenium for testing,
you will want to execute your Selenium code using test runner tools.
Many of the code examples in this documentation can be found in our example repositories.
There are multiple options in each language, but here is what we are using in our examples:
<dependencies><!-- more dependencies ... --><dependency><groupId>org.seleniumhq.selenium</groupId><artifactId>selenium-java</artifactId><version>3.141.59</version></dependency><!-- more dependencies ... --></dependencies>
After
<dependencies><!-- more dependencies ... --><dependency><groupId>org.seleniumhq.selenium</groupId><artifactId>selenium-java</artifactId><version>4.4.0</version></dependency><!-- more dependencies ... --></dependencies>
importorg.openqa.selenium.PageLoadStrategy;importorg.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;importorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;importorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;publicclasspageLoadStrategy{publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args){ChromeOptionschromeOptions=newChromeOptions();chromeOptions.setPageLoadStrategy(PageLoadStrategy.NORMAL);WebDriverdriver=newChromeDriver(chromeOptions);try{// Navigate to Url
driver.get("https://google.com");}finally{driver.quit();}}}
it('Navigate using normal page loading strategy',asyncfunction(){letdriver=awaitenv.builder().setChromeOptions(options.setPageLoadStrategy('normal')).build();awaitdriver.get('https://www.google.com');
importorg.openqa.selenium.PageLoadStrategy;importorg.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;importorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;importorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;publicclasspageLoadStrategy{publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args){ChromeOptionschromeOptions=newChromeOptions();chromeOptions.setPageLoadStrategy(PageLoadStrategy.EAGER);WebDriverdriver=newChromeDriver(chromeOptions);try{// Navigate to Url
driver.get("https://google.com");}finally{driver.quit();}}}
importorg.openqa.selenium.PageLoadStrategy;importorg.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;importorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;importorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;publicclasspageLoadStrategy{publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args){ChromeOptionschromeOptions=newChromeOptions();chromeOptions.setPageLoadStrategy(PageLoadStrategy.NONE);WebDriverdriver=newChromeDriver(chromeOptions);try{// Navigate to Url
driver.get("https://google.com");}finally{driver.quit();}}}
fromseleniumimportwebdriverPROXY="<HOST:PORT>"webdriver.DesiredCapabilities.FIREFOX['proxy']={"httpProxy":PROXY,"ftpProxy":PROXY,"sslProxy":PROXY,"proxyType":"MANUAL",}withwebdriver.Firefox()asdriver:# Open URLdriver.get("https://selenium.dev")
# this code was written with Selenium 4proxy=Selenium::WebDriver::Proxy.new(http:'<HOST:PORT>')cap=Selenium::WebDriver::Remote::Capabilities.chrome(proxy:proxy)driver=Selenium::WebDriver.for(:chrome,capabilities:cap)driver.get('http://google.com')
const{Builder}=require("selenium-webdriver");constfirefox=require('selenium-webdriver/firefox');constoptions=newfirefox.Options();letprofile='/path to custom profile';options.setProfile(profile);constdriver=newBuilder().forBrowser('firefox').setFirefoxOptions(options).build();
These are capabilities and features specific to Microsoft Internet Explorer browsers.
As of June 2022, Selenium officially no longer supports standalone Internet Explorer.
The Internet Explorer driver still supports running Microsoft Edge in “IE Compatibility Mode.”
Special considerations
The IE Driver is the only driver maintained by the Selenium Project directly.
While binaries for both the 32-bit and 64-bit
versions of Internet Explorer are available, there are some
known limitations
with the 64-bit driver. As such it is recommended to use the 32-bit driver.
Additional information about using Internet Explorer can be found on the
IE Driver Server page
Options
Starting a Microsoft Edge browser in Internet Explorer Compatibility mode with basic defined options looks like this:
If IE is not present on the system (default in Windows 11), you do not need to
use the two parameters above. IE Driver will use Edge and will automatically locate it.
If IE and Edge are both present on the system, you only need to set attaching to Edge,
IE Driver will automatically locate Edge on your system.
As of Internet Explorer Driver v4.7.0:
No longer need to set Ignore Zoom Level for Edge in IE Mode
Here are a few common use cases with different capabilities:
<p><ahref=https://github.com/SeleniumHQ/seleniumhq.github.io/tree/trunk/examples><spanclass="selenium-badge-code"data-toggle="tooltip"data-placement="right"title="Code examples are added to the projects in examples directory of repo; see about section for contribution and style guids">AddExample</span></a></p>
These are capabilities and features specific to Apple Safari browsers.
Unlike Chromium and Firefox drivers, the safaridriver is installed with the Operating System.
To enable automation on Safari, run the following command from the terminal:
safaridriver --enable
Options
Capabilities common to all browsers are described on the Options page.
経験から、SeleniumとWebDriverの使用から生じる断続的なもののほとんどは、ブラウザーとユーザーの指示の間で発生する 競合状態 に関連しています。
たとえば、ユーザーがブラウザーにページに移動するように指示し、要素を見つけようとすると、no such element エラーが表示される場合があります。
次のドキュメントを考えてみましょう。
<!doctype html><metacharset=utf-8><title>Race Condition Example</title><script>varinitialised=false;window.addEventListener("load",function(){varnewElement=document.createElement("p");newElement.textContent="Hello from JavaScript!";document.body.appendChild(newElement);initialised=true;});</script>
driver.get("file:///race_condition.html");WebElementelement=driver.findElement(By.tagName("p"));assertEquals(element.getText(),"Hello from JavaScript!");
driver.navigate("file:///race_condition.html")el=driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME,"p")assertel.text=="Hello from JavaScript!"
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("file:///race_condition.html");IWebElementelement=driver.FindElement(By.TagName("p"));assertEquals(element.Text,"Hello from JavaScript!");
require'selenium-webdriver'driver=Selenium::WebDriver.for:firefoxbegin# Navigate to URLdriver.get'file:///race_condition.html'# Get and store Paragraph Textsearch_form=driver.find_element(:css,'p').text"Hello from JavaScript!".eql?search_formensuredriver.quitend
awaitdriver.get('file:///race_condition.html');constelement=driver.findElement(By.css('p'));assert.strictEqual(awaitelement.getText(),'Hello from JavaScript!');
driver.get("file:///race_condition.html")valelement=driver.findElement(By.tagName("p"))assert(element.text=="Hello from JavaScript!")
WebDriverdriver=newChromeDriver();driver.get("https://google.com/ncr");driver.findElement(By.name("q")).sendKeys("cheese"+Keys.ENTER);// Initialize and wait till element(link) became clickable - timeout in 10 seconds
WebElementfirstResult=newWebDriverWait(driver,Duration.ofSeconds(10)).until(ExpectedConditions.elementToBeClickable(By.xpath("//a/h3")));// Print the first result
System.out.println(firstResult.getText());
fromselenium.webdriver.support.waitimportWebDriverWaitdefdocument_initialised(driver):returndriver.execute_script("return initialised")driver.navigate("file:///race_condition.html")WebDriverWait(driver,timeout=10).until(document_initialised)el=driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME,"p")assertel.text=="Hello from JavaScript!"
require'selenium-webdriver'driver=Selenium::WebDriver.for:firefoxwait=Selenium::WebDriver::Wait.new(:timeout=>10)defdocument_initialised(driver)driver.execute_script('return initialised')endbegindriver.get'file:///race_condition.html'wait.until{document_initialiseddriver}search_form=driver.find_element(:css,'p').text"Hello from JavaScript!".eql?search_formensuredriver.quitend
constdocumentInitialised=()=>driver.executeScript('return initialised');awaitdriver.get('file:///race_condition.html');awaitdriver.wait(()=>documentInitialised(),10000);constelement=driver.findElement(By.css('p'));assert.strictEqual(awaitelement.getText(),'Hello from JavaScript!');
driver.get("https://google.com/ncr")driver.findElement(By.name("q")).sendKeys("cheese"+Keys.ENTER)// Initialize and wait till element(link) became clickable - timeout in 10 seconds
valfirstResult=WebDriverWait(driver,Duration.ofSeconds(10)).until(ExpectedConditions.elementToBeClickable(By.xpath("//a/h3")))// Print the first result
println(firstResult.text)
WebElementfoo=newWebDriverWait(driver,Duration.ofSeconds(3)).until(driver->driver.findElement(By.name("q")));assertEquals(foo.getText(),"Hello from JavaScript!");
fromselenium.webdriver.support.waitimportWebDriverWaitdriver.navigate("file:///race_condition.html")el=WebDriverWait(driver,timeout=3).until(lambdad:d.find_element(By.TAG_NAME,"p"))assertel.text=="Hello from JavaScript!"
using(vardriver=newFirefoxDriver()){varfoo=newWebDriverWait(driver,TimeSpan.FromSeconds(3)).Until(drv=>drv.FindElement(By.Name("q")));Debug.Assert(foo.Text.Equals("Hello from JavaScript!"));}
driver.get'file:///race_condition.html'wait=Selenium::WebDriver::Wait.new(:timeout=>10)ele=wait.until{driver.find_element(css:'p')}foo=ele.textassert_matchfoo,'Hello from JavaScript'
letele=awaitdriver.wait(until.elementLocated(By.css('p')),10000);letfoo=awaitele.getText();assert(foo=="Hello from JavaScript");
driver.get("file:///race_condition.html")valele=WebDriverWait(driver,Duration.ofSeconds(10)).until(ExpectedConditions.presenceOfElementLocated(By.tagName("p")))assert(ele.text=="Hello from JavaScript!")
// Waiting 30 seconds for an element to be present on the page, checking
// for its presence once every 5 seconds.
Wait<WebDriver>wait=newFluentWait<WebDriver>(driver).withTimeout(Duration.ofSeconds(30)).pollingEvery(Duration.ofSeconds(5)).ignoring(NoSuchElementException.class);WebElementfoo=wait.until(driver->{returndriver.findElement(By.id("foo"));});
require'selenium-webdriver'driver=Selenium::WebDriver.for:firefoxexception=Selenium::WebDriver::Error::NoSuchElementErrorbegindriver.get'http://somedomain/url_that_delays_loading'wait=Selenium::WebDriver::Wait.new(timeout:30,interval:5,message:'Timed out after 30 sec',ignore:exception)foo=wait.until{driver.find_element(id:'foo')}ensuredriver.quitend
const{Builder,until}=require('selenium-webdriver');(asyncfunctionexample(){letdriver=awaitnewBuilder().forBrowser('firefox').build();awaitdriver.get('http://somedomain/url_that_delays_loading');// Waiting 30 seconds for an element to be present on the page, checking
// for its presence once every 5 seconds.
letfoo=awaitdriver.wait(until.elementLocated(By.id('foo')),30000,'Timed out after 30 seconds',5000);})();
The file upload dialog could be handled using Selenium,
when the input element is of type file.
An example of it, could be found on this
web page- https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/upload
We will require to have a file available with us,
which we need to upload.
The code to upload the file for different programming
languages will be as follows -
importjava.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;importorg.openqa.selenium.By;importorg.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;importorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;classfileUploadDoc{publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args){WebDriverdriver=newChromeDriver();driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(10,TimeUnit.SECONDS);driver.get("https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/upload");//we want to import selenium-snapshot file.
driver.findElement(By.id("file-upload")).sendKeys("selenium-snapshot.jpg");driver.findElement(By.id("file-submit")).submit();if(driver.getPageSource().contains("File Uploaded!")){System.out.println("file uploaded");}else{System.out.println("file not uploaded");}driver.quit();}}
fromseleniumimportwebdriverdriver.implicitly_wait(10)driver.get("https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/upload");driver.find_element(By.ID,"file-upload").send_keys("selenium-snapshot.jpg")driver.find_element(By.ID,"file-submit").submit()if(driver.page_source.find("File Uploaded!")):print("file upload success")else:print("file upload not successful")driver.quit()
usingSystem;usingOpenQA.Selenium;usingOpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;namespaceSeleniumDocumentation.SeleniumPRs{classFileUploadExample{staticvoidMain(String[]args){IWebDriverdriver=newChromeDriver();try{// Navigate to Urldriver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/upload");driver.FindElement(By.Id("file-upload")).SendKeys("selenium-snapshot.jpg");driver.FindElement(By.Id("file-submit")).Submit();if(driver.PageSource.Contains("File Uploaded!")){Console.WriteLine("file uploaded");}else{Console.WriteLine("file not uploaded");}driver.Quit();}}}
require'selenium-webdriver'driver=Selenium::WebDriver.for:chromedriver.get("https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/upload")driver.find_element(:id,"file-upload").send_keys("selenium-snapshot.jpg")driver.find_element(:id,"file-submit").submit()ifdriver.page_source().include?"File Uploaded!"puts"file upload success"elseputs"file upload not successful"end
import{Builder,By}from"selenium-webdriver"letdriver=awaitnewBuilder().forBrowser('chrome').build()awaitdriver.get("https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/upload");awaitdriver.findElement(By.id("file-upload")).sendKeys("selenium-snapshot.jpg")awaitdriver.findElement(By.id("file-submit")).submit()driver.getPageSource().then(result=>{if(result.indexOf("File Uploaded!")){console.log("file upload success")}else{console.log("file upload not successful")}})
importorg.openqa.selenium.Byimportorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriverfunmain(){valdriver=ChromeDriver()driver.get("https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/upload")driver.findElement(By.id("file-upload")).sendKeys("selenium-snapshot.jpg")driver.findElement(By.id("file-submit")).submit()if(driver.pageSource.contains("File Uploaded!")){println("file uploaded")}else{println("file not uploaded")}}
So the above example code helps to understand
how we can upload a file using Selenium.
To work on a web element using Selenium, we need to first locate it on the web page.
Selenium provides us above mentioned ways, using which we can locate element on the
page. To understand and create locator we will use the following HTML snippet.
<html><body><style>.information{background-color:white;color:black;padding:10px;}</style><h2>Contact Selenium</h2><formaction="/action_page.php"><inputtype="radio"name="gender"value="m"/>Male <inputtype="radio"name="gender"value="f"/>Female <br><br><labelfor="fname">First name:</label><br><inputclass="information"type="text"id="fname"name="fname"value="Jane"><br><br><labelfor="lname">Last name:</label><br><inputclass="information"type="text"id="lname"name="lname"value="Doe"><br><br><labelfor="newsletter">Newsletter:</label><inputtype="checkbox"name="newsletter"value="1"/><br><br><inputtype="submit"value="Submit"></form><p>To know more about Selenium, visit the official page
<ahref ="www.selenium.dev">Selenium Official Page</a></p></body></html>
class name
The HTML page web element can have attribute class. We can see an example in the
above shown HTML snippet. We can identify these elements using the class name locator
available in Selenium.
CSS is the language used to style HTML pages. We can use css selector locator strategy
to identify the element on the page. If the element has an id, we create the locator
as css = #id. Otherwise the format we follow is css =[attribute=value] .
Let us see an example from above HTML snippet. We will create locator for First Name
textbox, using css.
We can use the ID attribute available with element in a web page to locate it.
Generally the ID property should be unique for a element on the web page.
We will identify the Last Name field using it.
We can use the NAME attribute available with element in a web page to locate it.
Generally the NAME property should be unique for a element on the web page.
We will identify the Newsletter checkbox using it.
If the element we want to locate is a link, we can use the link text locator
to identify it on the web page. The link text is the text displayed of the link.
In the HTML snippet shared, we have a link available, lets see how will we locate it.
WebDriverdriver=newChromeDriver();driver.findElement(By.linkText("Selenium Official Page"));
driver=webdriver.Chrome()driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT,"Selenium Official Page")
vardriver=newChromeDriver();driver.FindElement(By.LinkText("Selenium Official Page"));
driver=Selenium::WebDriver.for:chromedriver.find_element(link_text:'Selenium Official Page')
letdriver=awaitnewBuilder().forBrowser('chrome').build();constloc=awaitdriver.findElement(By.linkText('Selenium Official Page'));
valdriver=ChromeDriver()valloc:WebElement=driver.findElement(By.linkText("Selenium Official Page"))
partial link text
If the element we want to locate is a link, we can use the partial link text locator
to identify it on the web page. The link text is the text displayed of the link.
We can pass partial text as value.
In the HTML snippet shared, we have a link available, lets see how will we locate it.
We can use the HTML TAG itself as a locator to identify the web element on the page.
From the above HTML snippet shared, lets identify the link, using its html tag “a”.
A HTML document can be considered as a XML document, and then we can use xpath
which will be the path traversed to reach the element of interest to locate the element.
The XPath could be absolute xpath, which is created from the root of the document.
Example - /html/form/input[1]. This will return the male radio button.
Or the xpath could be relative. Example- //input[@name=‘fname’]. This will return the
first name text box. Let us create locator for female radio button using xpath.
Selenium 4 introduces Relative Locators (previously
called as Friendly Locators). These locators are helpful when it is not easy to construct a locator for
the desired element, but easy to describe spatially where the element is in relation to an element that does have
an easily constructed locator.
How it works
Selenium uses the JavaScript function
getBoundingClientRect()
to determine the size and position of elements on the page, and can use this information to locate neighboring elements.
find the relative elements.
Relative locator methods can take as the argument for the point of origin, either a previously located element reference,
or another locator. In these examples we’ll be using locators only, but you could swap the locator in the final method with
an element object and it will work the same.
Let us consider the below example for understanding the relative locators.
Available relative locators
Above
If the email text field element is not easily identifiable for some reason, but the password text field element is,
we can locate the text field element using the fact that it is an “input” element “above” the password element.
If the password text field element is not easily identifiable for some reason, but the email text field element is,
we can locate the text field element using the fact that it is an “input” element “below” the email element.
If the cancel button is not easily identifiable for some reason, but the submit button element is,
we can locate the cancel button element using the fact that it is a “button” element to the “left of” the submit element.
If the submit button is not easily identifiable for some reason, but the cancel button element is,
we can locate the submit button element using the fact that it is a “button” element “to the right of” the cancel element.
If the relative positioning is not obvious, or it varies based on window size, you can use the near method to
identify an element that is at most 50px away from the provided locator.
One great use case for this is to work with a form element that doesn’t have an easily constructed locator,
but its associated input label element does.
You can also chain locators if needed. Sometimes the element is most easily identified as being both above/below one element and right/left of another.
These methods are designed to closely emulate a user’s experience, so,
unlike the Actions API, it attempts to perform two things
before attempting the specified action.
If it determines the element is outside the viewport, it
scrolls the element into view, specifically
it will align the bottom of the element with the bottom of the viewport.
It ensures the element is interactable
before taking the action. This could mean that the scrolling was unsuccessful, or that the
element is not otherwise displayed. Determining if an element is displayed on a page was too difficult to
define directly in the webdriver specification,
so Selenium sends an execute command with a JavaScript atom that checks for things that would keep
the element from being displayed. If it determines an element is not in the viewport, not displayed, not
keyboard-interactable, or not
pointer-interactable,
it returns an element not interactable error.
The element send keys command
types the provided keys into an editable element.
Typically, this means an element is an input element of a form with a text type or an element
with a content-editable attribute. If it is not editable,
an invalid element state error is returned.
Here is the list of
possible keystrokes that WebDriver Supports.
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.Keys;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;
public class HelloSelenium {
public static void main(String[] args) {
WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
try {
// Navigate to Url
driver.get("https://google.com");
// Enter text "q" and perform keyboard action "Enter"
driver.findElement(By.name("q")).sendKeys("q" + Keys.ENTER);
} finally {
driver.quit();
}
}
}
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys
driver = webdriver.Firefox()
# Navigate to url
driver.get("http://www.google.com")
# Enter "webdriver" text and perform "ENTER" keyboard action
driver.find_element(By.NAME, "q").send_keys("webdriver" + Keys.ENTER)
using (var driver = new FirefoxDriver())
{
// Navigate to Url
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://google.com");
// Enter "webdriver" text and perform "ENTER" keyboard action
driver.FindElement(By.Name("q")).SendKeys("webdriver" + Keys.Enter);
}
require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :firefox
begin
# Navigate to URL
driver.get 'https://google.com'
# Enter "webdriver" text and perform "ENTER" keyboard action
driver.find_element(name: 'q').send_keys 'webdriver', :return
ensure
driver.quit
end
const {Builder, By, Key} = require('selenium-webdriver');
(async function example() {
let driver = await new Builder().forBrowser('firefox').build();
try {
// Navigate to Url
await driver.get('https://www.google.com');
// Enter text "webdriver" and perform keyboard action "Enter"
await driver.findElement(By.name('q')).sendKeys('webdriver', Key.ENTER);
}
finally {
await driver.quit();
}
})();
import org.openqa.selenium.By
import org.openqa.selenium.Keys
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver
fun main() {
val driver = FirefoxDriver()
try {
// Navigate to Url
driver.get("https://google.com")
// Enter text "q" and perform keyboard action "Enter"
driver.findElement(By.name("q")).sendKeys("q" + Keys.ENTER)
} finally {
driver.quit()
}
}
Clear
The element clear command resets the content of an element.
This requires an element to be editable,
and resettable. Typically,
this means an element is an input element of a form with a text type or an element
with acontent-editable attribute. If these conditions are not met,
an invalid element state error is returned.
importorg.openqa.selenium.By;importorg.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;importorg.openqa.selenium.WebElement;importorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;publicclassclear{publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args){WebDriverdriver=newChromeDriver();try{// Navigate to Url
driver.get("https://www.google.com");// Store 'SearchInput' element
WebElementsearchInput=driver.findElement(By.name("q"));searchInput.sendKeys("selenium");// Clears the entered text
searchInput.clear();}finally{driver.quit();}}}
fromseleniumimportwebdriverfromselenium.webdriver.common.byimportBydriver=webdriver.Chrome()# Navigate to urldriver.get("http://www.google.com")# Store 'SearchInput' elementSearchInput=driver.find_element(By.NAME,"q")SearchInput.send_keys("selenium")# Clears the entered textSearchInput.clear()
usingOpenQA.Selenium;usingOpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;usingSystem;namespaceSnipetProjectDelete{classProgram{staticvoidMain(string[]args){IWebDriverdriver=newChromeDriver();try{// Navigate to Urldriver.Navigate().GoToUrl(@"https://www.google.com");// Store 'SearchInput' elementIWebElementsearchInput=driver.FindElement(By.Name("q"));searchInput.SendKeys("selenium");// Clears the entered textsearchInput.Clear();}finally{driver.Quit();}}}}
require'selenium-webdriver'driver=Selenium::WebDriver.for:chromebegin# Navigate to URLdriver.get'https://google.com'# store 'search_input' elementsearch_input=driver.find_element(name:'q')search_input.send_keys('selenium')# Clears the entered textsearch_input.clearensuredriver.quitend
importorg.openqa.selenium.Byimportorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriverfunmain(){valdriver=ChromeDriver()try{// Navigate to Url
driver.get("https://www.google.com")// Store 'searchInput' element
valsearchInput=driver.findElement(By.name("q"))searchInput.sendKeys("selenium")// Clears the entered text
searchInput.clear()}finally{driver.quit()}}
Submit
In Selenium 4 this is no longer implemented with a separate endpoint and functions by executing a script. As
such, it is recommended not to use this method and to click the applicable form submission button instead.
<olid="vegetables"><liclass="potatoes">…
<liclass="onions">…
<liclass="tomatoes"><span>Tomato is a Vegetable</span>…
</ol><ulid="fruits"><liclass="bananas">…
<liclass="apples">…
<liclass="tomatoes"><span>Tomato is a Fruit</span>…
</ul>
fromseleniumimportwebdriverfromselenium.webdriver.common.byimportBydriver=webdriver.Firefox()# Navigate to Urldriver.get("https://www.example.com")# Get all the elements available with tag name 'p'elements=driver.find_elements(By.TAG_NAME,'p')foreinelements:print(e.text)
usingOpenQA.Selenium;usingOpenQA.Selenium.Firefox;usingSystem.Collections.Generic;namespaceFindElementsExample{classFindElementsExample{publicstaticvoidMain(string[]args){IWebDriverdriver=newFirefoxDriver();try{// Navigate to Urldriver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://example.com");// Get all the elements available with tag name 'p'IList<IWebElement>elements=driver.FindElements(By.TagName("p"));foreach(IWebElementeinelements){System.Console.WriteLine(e.Text);}}finally{driver.Quit();}}}}
require'selenium-webdriver'driver=Selenium::WebDriver.for:firefoxbegin# Navigate to URLdriver.get'https://www.example.com'# Get all the elements available with tag name 'p'elements=driver.find_elements(:tag_name,'p')elements.each{|e|putse.text}ensuredriver.quitend
const{Builder,By}=require('selenium-webdriver');(asyncfunctionexample(){letdriver=awaitnewBuilder().forBrowser('firefox').build();try{// Navigate to Url
awaitdriver.get('https://www.example.com');// Get all the elements available with tag 'p'
letelements=awaitdriver.findElements(By.css('p'));for(leteofelements){console.log(awaite.getText());}}finally{awaitdriver.quit();}})();
importorg.openqa.selenium.Byimportorg.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriverfunmain(){valdriver=FirefoxDriver()try{driver.get("https://example.com")// Get all the elements available with tag name 'p'
valelements=driver.findElements(By.tagName("p"))for(elementinelements){println("Paragraph text:"+element.text)}}finally{driver.quit()}}
importorg.openqa.selenium.By;importorg.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;importorg.openqa.selenium.WebElement;importorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;importjava.util.List;publicclassfindElementsFromElement{publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args){WebDriverdriver=newChromeDriver();try{driver.get("https://example.com");// Get element with tag name 'div'
WebElementelement=driver.findElement(By.tagName("div"));// Get all the elements available with tag name 'p'
List<WebElement>elements=element.findElements(By.tagName("p"));for(WebElemente:elements){System.out.println(e.getText());}}finally{driver.quit();}}}
fromseleniumimportwebdriverfromselenium.webdriver.common.byimportBydriver=webdriver.Chrome()driver.get("https://www.example.com")# Get element with tag name 'div'element=driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME,'div')# Get all the elements available with tag name 'p'elements=element.find_elements(By.TAG_NAME,'p')foreinelements:print(e.text)
usingOpenQA.Selenium;usingOpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;usingSystem.Collections.Generic;namespaceFindElementsFromElement{classFindElementsFromElement{publicstaticvoidMain(string[]args){IWebDriverdriver=newChromeDriver();try{driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://example.com");// Get element with tag name 'div'IWebElementelement=driver.FindElement(By.TagName("div"));// Get all the elements available with tag name 'p'IList<IWebElement>elements=element.FindElements(By.TagName("p"));foreach(IWebElementeinelements){System.Console.WriteLine(e.Text);}}finally{driver.Quit();}}}}
require'selenium-webdriver'driver=Selenium::WebDriver.for:chromebegin# Navigate to URLdriver.get'https://www.example.com'# Get element with tag name 'div'element=driver.find_element(:tag_name,'div')# Get all the elements available with tag name 'p'elements=element.find_elements(:tag_name,'p')elements.each{|e|putse.text}ensuredriver.quitend
const{Builder,By}=require('selenium-webdriver');(asyncfunctionexample(){letdriver=newBuilder().forBrowser('chrome').build();awaitdriver.get('https://www.example.com');// Get element with tag name 'div'
letelement=driver.findElement(By.css("div"));// Get all the elements available with tag name 'p'
letelements=awaitelement.findElements(By.css("p"));for(leteofelements){console.log(awaite.getText());}})();
importorg.openqa.selenium.Byimportorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriverfunmain(){valdriver=ChromeDriver()try{driver.get("https://example.com")// Get element with tag name 'div'
valelement=driver.findElement(By.tagName("div"))// Get all the elements available with tag name 'p'
valelements=element.findElements(By.tagName("p"))for(einelements){println(e.text)}}finally{driver.quit()}}
importorg.openqa.selenium.*;importorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;publicclassactiveElementTest{publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args){WebDriverdriver=newChromeDriver();try{driver.get("http://www.google.com");driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("[name='q']")).sendKeys("webElement");// Get attribute of current active element
Stringattr=driver.switchTo().activeElement().getAttribute("title");System.out.println(attr);}finally{driver.quit();}}}
fromseleniumimportwebdriverfromselenium.webdriver.common.byimportBydriver=webdriver.Chrome()driver.get("https://www.google.com")driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR,'[name="q"]').send_keys("webElement")# Get attribute of current active elementattr=driver.switch_to.active_element.get_attribute("title")print(attr)
usingOpenQA.Selenium;usingOpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;namespaceActiveElement{classActiveElement{publicstaticvoidMain(string[]args){IWebDriverdriver=newChromeDriver();try{// Navigate to Urldriver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://www.google.com");driver.FindElement(By.CssSelector("[name='q']")).SendKeys("webElement");// Get attribute of current active elementstringattr=driver.SwitchTo().ActiveElement().GetAttribute("title");System.Console.WriteLine(attr);}finally{driver.Quit();}}}}
require'selenium-webdriver'driver=Selenium::WebDriver.for:chromebegindriver.get'https://www.google.com'driver.find_element(css:'[name="q"]').send_keys('webElement')# Get attribute of current active elementattr=driver.switch_to.active_element.attribute('title')putsattrensuredriver.quitend
const{Builder,By}=require('selenium-webdriver');(asyncfunctionexample(){letdriver=awaitnewBuilder().forBrowser('chrome').build();awaitdriver.get('https://www.google.com');awaitdriver.findElement(By.css('[name="q"]')).sendKeys("webElement");// Get attribute of current active element
letattr=awaitdriver.switchTo().activeElement().getAttribute("title");console.log(`${attr}`)})();
importorg.openqa.selenium.Byimportorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriverfunmain(){valdriver=ChromeDriver()try{driver.get("https://www.google.com")driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("[name='q']")).sendKeys("webElement")// Get attribute of current active element
valattr=driver.switchTo().activeElement().getAttribute("title")print(attr)}finally{driver.quit()}}
5.5 - Web要素に関する情報
要素について学ぶことができること。
特定の要素についてクエリできる詳細情報がいくつかあります。
表示されているかどうか
This method is used to check if the connected Element is
displayed on a webpage. Returns a Boolean value,
True if the connected element is displayed in the current
browsing context else returns false.
This functionality is mentioned in, but not defined by
the w3c specification due to the
impossibility of covering all potential conditions.
As such, Selenium cannot expect drivers to implement
this functionality directly, and now relies on
executing a large JavaScript function directly.
This function makes many approximations about an element’s
nature and relationship in the tree to return a value.
// Navigate to the url
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html");// Get boolean value for is element display
booleanisEmailVisible=driver.findElement(By.name("email_input")).isDisplayed();
# Navigate to the urldriver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html")# Get boolean value for is element displayis_email_visible=driver.find_element(By.NAME,"email_input").is_displayed()
//Navigate to the urldriver.Url="https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html";//Get boolean value for is element displayBooleanis_email_visible=driver.FindElement(By.Name("email_input")).Displayed;
# Navigate to the urldriver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html");#fetch display statusval=driver.find_element(name:'email_input').displayed?
// Navigate to url
awaitdriver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html");// Resolves Promise and returns boolean value
letresult=awaitdriver.findElement(By.name("email_input")).isDisplayed();
//navigates to url
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html")//returns true if element is displayed else returns false
valflag=driver.findElement(By.name("email_input")).isDisplayed()
Coding Help
Note:
This section could use some updated code examples
//navigates to url
driver.get("https://www.google.com/");//returns true if element is enabled else returns false
booleanvalue=driver.findElement(By.name("btnK")).isEnabled();
# Navigate to urldriver.get("http://www.google.com")# Returns true if element is enabled else returns falsevalue=driver.find_element(By.NAME,'btnK').is_enabled()
// Navigate to Urldriver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://google.com");// Store the WebElementIWebElementelement=driver.FindElement(By.Name("btnK"));// Prints true if element is enabled else returns falseSystem.Console.WriteLine(element.Enabled);
# Navigate to urldriver.get'http://www.google.com/'# Returns true if element is enabled else returns falseele=driver.find_element(name:'btnK').enabled?
// Navigate to url
awaitdriver.get('https://www.google.com');// Resolves Promise and returns boolean value
letelement=awaitdriver.findElement(By.name("btnK")).isEnabled();
//navigates to url
driver.get("https://www.google.com/")//returns true if element is enabled else returns false
valattr=driver.findElement(By.name("btnK")).isEnabled()
//navigates to url
driver.get("https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/checkboxes");//returns true if element is checked else returns false
booleanvalue=driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("input[type='checkbox']:first-of-type")).isSelected();
# Navigate to urldriver.get("https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/checkboxes")# Returns true if element is checked else returns falsevalue=driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR,"input[type='checkbox']:first-of-type").is_selected()
// Navigate to Urldriver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/checkboxes");// Returns true if element ins checked else returns falseboolvalue=driver.FindElement(By.CssSelector("input[type='checkbox']:last-of-type")).Selected;
# Navigate to urldriver.get'https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/checkboxes'# Returns true if element is checked else returns falseele=driver.find_element(css:"input[type='checkbox']:last-of-type").selected?
// Navigate to url
awaitdriver.get('https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/checkboxes');// Returns true if element ins checked else returns false
letres=awaitdriver.findElement(By.css("input[type='checkbox']:last-of-type")).isSelected();
//navigates to url
driver.get("https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/checkboxes")//returns true if element is checked else returns false
valattr=driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("input[type='checkbox']:first-of-type")).isSelected()
//navigates to url
driver.get("https://www.example.com");//returns TagName of the element
Stringvalue=driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("h1")).getTagName();
# Navigate to urldriver.get("https://www.example.com")# Returns TagName of the elementattr=driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR,"h1").tag_name
// Navigate to Urldriver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://www.example.com");// Returns TagName of the elementstringattr=driver.FindElement(By.CssSelector("h1")).TagName;
# Navigate to urldriver.get'https://www.example.com'# Returns TagName of the elementattr=driver.find_element(css:"h1").tag_name
// Navigate to URL
awaitdriver.get('https://www.example.com');// Returns TagName of the element
letvalue=awaitdriver.findElement(By.css('h1')).getTagName();
//navigates to url
driver.get("https://www.example.com")//returns TagName of the element
valattr=driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("h1")).getTagName()
// Navigate to url
driver.get("https://www.example.com");// Returns height, width, x and y coordinates referenced element
Rectangleres=driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("h1")).getRect();// Rectangle class provides getX,getY, getWidth, getHeight methods
System.out.println(res.getX());
# Navigate to urldriver.get("https://www.example.com")# Returns height, width, x and y coordinates referenced elementres=driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR,"h1").rect
// Navigate to Urldriver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://example.com");varres=driver.FindElement(By.CssSelector("h1"));// Return x and y coordinates referenced elementSystem.Console.WriteLine(res.Location);// Returns height, widthSystem.Console.WriteLine(res.Size);
# Navigate to urldriver.get'https://www.example.com'# Returns height, width, x and y coordinates referenced elementres=driver.find_element(css:"h1").rect
// Navigate to url
awaitdriver.get('https://www.example.com');// Returns height, width, x and y coordinates referenced element
letelement=awaitdriver.findElement(By.css("h1")).getRect();
// Navigate to url
driver.get("https://www.example.com")// Returns height, width, x and y coordinates referenced element
valres=driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("h1")).rect// Rectangle class provides getX,getY, getWidth, getHeight methods
println(res.getX())
// Navigate to Url
driver.get("https://www.example.com");// Retrieves the computed style property 'color' of linktext
StringcssValue=driver.findElement(By.linkText("More information...")).getCssValue("color");
# Navigate to Urldriver.get('https://www.example.com')# Retrieves the computed style property 'color' of linktextcssValue=driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT,"More information...").value_of_css_property('color')
// Navigate to Urldriver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://www.example.com");// Retrieves the computed style property 'color' of linktextStringcssValue=driver.FindElement(By.LinkText("More information...")).GetCssValue("color");
# Navigate to Urldriver.get'https://www.example.com'# Retrieves the computed style property 'color' of linktextcssValue=driver.find_element(:link_text,'More information...').css_value('color')
// Navigate to Url
awaitdriver.get('https://www.example.com');// Retrieves the computed style property 'color' of linktext
letcssValue=awaitdriver.findElement(By.linkText("More information...")).getCssValue('color');
// Navigate to Url
driver.get("https://www.example.com")// Retrieves the computed style property 'color' of linktext
valcssValue=driver.findElement(By.linkText("More information...")).getCssValue("color")
// Navigate to url
driver.get("https://example.com");// Retrieves the text of the element
Stringtext=driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("h1")).getText();
# Navigate to urldriver.get("https://www.example.com")# Retrieves the text of the elementtext=driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR,"h1").text
// Navigate to urldriver.Url="https://example.com";// Retrieves the text of the elementStringtext=driver.FindElement(By.CssSelector("h1")).Text;
# Navigate to urldriver.get'https://www.example.com'# Retrieves the text of the elementtext=driver.find_element(:css,'h1').text
// Navigate to URL
awaitdriver.get('http://www.example.com');// retrieves the text of the element
lettext=awaitdriver.findElement(By.css('h1')).getText();
// Navigate to URL
driver.get("https://www.example.com")// retrieves the text of the element
valtext=driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("h1")).getText()
Fetching Attributes or Properties
Fetches the run time value associated with a
DOM attribute. It returns the data associated
with the DOM attribute or property of the element.
//Navigate to the url
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html");//identify the email text box
WebElementemailTxt=driver.findElement(By.name(("email_input")));//fetch the value property associated with the textbox
StringvalueInfo=eleSelLink.getAttribute("value");
# Navigate to the urldriver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html")# Identify the email text boxemail_txt=driver.find_element(By.NAME,"email_input")# Fetch the value property associated with the textboxvalue_info=email_txt.get_attribute("value")
//Navigate to the urldriver.Url="https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html";//identify the email text boxIWebElementemailTxt=driver.FindElement(By.Name(("email_input")));//fetch the value property associated with the textboxStringvalueInfo=eleSelLink.GetAttribute("value");
# Navigate to the urldriver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html");#identify the email text boxemail_element=driver.find_element(name:'email_input')#fetch the value property associated with the textboxemailVal=email_element.attribute("value");
// Navigate to the Url
awaitdriver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html");// identify the email text box
constemailElement=awaitdriver.findElements(By.xpath('//input[@name="email_input"]'));//fetch the attribute "name" associated with the textbox
constnameAttribute=awaitemailElement.getAttribute("name");
// Navigate to URL
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html")//fetch the value property associated with the textbox
valattr=driver.findElement(By.name("email_input")).getAttribute("value")
//Click the link to activate the alert
driver.findElement(By.linkText("See an example alert")).click();//Wait for the alert to be displayed and store it in a variable
Alertalert=wait.until(ExpectedConditions.alertIsPresent());//Store the alert text in a variable
Stringtext=alert.getText();//Press the OK button
alert.accept();
# Click the link to activate the alertdriver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT,"See an example alert").click()# Wait for the alert to be displayed and store it in a variablealert=wait.until(expected_conditions.alert_is_present())# Store the alert text in a variabletext=alert.text# Press the OK buttonalert.accept()
//Click the link to activate the alertdriver.FindElement(By.LinkText("See an example alert")).Click();//Wait for the alert to be displayed and store it in a variableIAlertalert=wait.Until(ExpectedConditions.AlertIsPresent());//Store the alert text in a variablestringtext=alert.Text;//Press the OK buttonalert.Accept();
# Click the link to activate the alertdriver.find_element(:link_text,'See an example alert').click# Store the alert reference in a variablealert=driver.switch_to.alert# Store the alert text in a variablealert_text=alert.text# Press on OK buttonalert.accept
//Click the link to activate the alert
awaitdriver.findElement(By.linkText('See an example alert')).click();// Wait for the alert to be displayed
awaitdriver.wait(until.alertIsPresent());// Store the alert in a variable
letalert=awaitdriver.switchTo().alert();//Store the alert text in a variable
letalertText=awaitalert.getText();//Press the OK button
awaitalert.accept();// Note: To use await, the above code should be inside an async function
//Click the link to activate the alert
driver.findElement(By.linkText("See an example alert")).click()//Wait for the alert to be displayed and store it in a variable
valalert=wait.until(ExpectedConditions.alertIsPresent())//Store the alert text in a variable
valtext=alert.getText()//Press the OK button
alert.accept()
//Click the link to activate the alert
driver.findElement(By.linkText("See a sample confirm")).click();//Wait for the alert to be displayed
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.alertIsPresent());//Store the alert in a variable
Alertalert=driver.switchTo().alert();//Store the alert in a variable for reuse
Stringtext=alert.getText();//Press the Cancel button
alert.dismiss();
# Click the link to activate the alertdriver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT,"See a sample confirm").click()# Wait for the alert to be displayedwait.until(expected_conditions.alert_is_present())# Store the alert in a variable for reusealert=driver.switch_to.alert# Store the alert text in a variabletext=alert.text# Press the Cancel buttonalert.dismiss()
//Click the link to activate the alertdriver.FindElement(By.LinkText("See a sample confirm")).Click();//Wait for the alert to be displayedwait.Until(ExpectedConditions.AlertIsPresent());//Store the alert in a variableIAlertalert=driver.SwitchTo().Alert();//Store the alert in a variable for reusestringtext=alert.Text;//Press the Cancel buttonalert.Dismiss();
# Click the link to activate the alertdriver.find_element(:link_text,'See a sample confirm').click# Store the alert reference in a variablealert=driver.switch_to.alert# Store the alert text in a variablealert_text=alert.text# Press on Cancel buttonalert.dismiss
//Click the link to activate the alert
awaitdriver.findElement(By.linkText('See a sample confirm')).click();// Wait for the alert to be displayed
awaitdriver.wait(until.alertIsPresent());// Store the alert in a variable
letalert=awaitdriver.switchTo().alert();//Store the alert text in a variable
letalertText=awaitalert.getText();//Press the Cancel button
awaitalert.dismiss();// Note: To use await, the above code should be inside an async function
//Click the link to activate the alert
driver.findElement(By.linkText("See a sample confirm")).click()//Wait for the alert to be displayed
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.alertIsPresent())//Store the alert in a variable
valalert=driver.switchTo().alert()//Store the alert in a variable for reuse
valtext=alert.text//Press the Cancel button
alert.dismiss()
//Click the link to activate the alert
driver.findElement(By.linkText("See a sample prompt")).click();//Wait for the alert to be displayed and store it in a variable
Alertalert=wait.until(ExpectedConditions.alertIsPresent());//Type your message
alert.sendKeys("Selenium");//Press the OK button
alert.accept();
# Click the link to activate the alertdriver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT,"See a sample prompt").click()# Wait for the alert to be displayedwait.until(expected_conditions.alert_is_present())# Store the alert in a variable for reusealert=Alert(driver)# Type your messagealert.send_keys("Selenium")# Press the OK buttonalert.accept()
//Click the link to activate the alertdriver.FindElement(By.LinkText("See a sample prompt")).Click();//Wait for the alert to be displayed and store it in a variableIAlertalert=wait.Until(ExpectedConditions.AlertIsPresent());//Type your messagealert.SendKeys("Selenium");//Press the OK buttonalert.Accept();
# Click the link to activate the alertdriver.find_element(:link_text,'See a sample prompt').click# Store the alert reference in a variablealert=driver.switch_to.alert# Type a messagealert.send_keys("selenium")# Press on Ok buttonalert.accept
//Click the link to activate the alert
awaitdriver.findElement(By.linkText('See a sample prompt')).click();// Wait for the alert to be displayed
awaitdriver.wait(until.alertIsPresent());// Store the alert in a variable
letalert=awaitdriver.switchTo().alert();//Type your message
awaitalert.sendKeys("Selenium");//Press the OK button
awaitalert.accept();//Note: To use await, the above code should be inside an async function
//Click the link to activate the alert
driver.findElement(By.linkText("See a sample prompt")).click()//Wait for the alert to be displayed and store it in a variable
valalert=wait.until(ExpectedConditions.alertIsPresent())//Type your message
alert.sendKeys("Selenium")//Press the OK button
alert.accept()
importorg.openqa.selenium.*;importorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;publicclassaddCookie{publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args){WebDriverdriver=newChromeDriver();try{driver.get("http://www.example.com");// Adds the cookie into current browser context
driver.manage().addCookie(newCookie("key","value"));}finally{driver.quit();}}}
fromseleniumimportwebdriverdriver=webdriver.Chrome()driver.get("http://www.example.com")# Adds the cookie into current browser contextdriver.add_cookie({"name":"key","value":"value"})
usingOpenQA.Selenium;usingOpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;namespaceAddCookie{classAddCookie{publicstaticvoidMain(string[]args){IWebDriverdriver=newChromeDriver();try{// Navigate to Urldriver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://example.com");// Adds the cookie into current browser contextdriver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(newCookie("key","value"));}finally{driver.Quit();}}}}
require'selenium-webdriver'driver=Selenium::WebDriver.for:chromebegindriver.get'https://www.example.com'# Adds the cookie into current browser contextdriver.manage.add_cookie(name:"key",value:"value")ensuredriver.quitend
it('Create a cookie',asyncfunction(){awaitdriver.get('https://www.example.com');// set a cookie on the current domain
awaitdriver.manage().addCookie({name:'key',value:'value'});
importorg.openqa.selenium.Cookieimportorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriverfunmain(){valdriver=ChromeDriver()try{driver.get("https://example.com")// Adds the cookie into current browser context
driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("key","value"))}finally{driver.quit()}}
importorg.openqa.selenium.*;importorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;publicclassgetCookieNamed{publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args){WebDriverdriver=newChromeDriver();try{driver.get("http://www.example.com");driver.manage().addCookie(newCookie("foo","bar"));// Get cookie details with named cookie 'foo'
Cookiecookie1=driver.manage().getCookieNamed("foo");System.out.println(cookie1);}finally{driver.quit();}}}
fromseleniumimportwebdriverdriver=webdriver.Chrome()# Navigate to urldriver.get("http://www.example.com")# Adds the cookie into current browser contextdriver.add_cookie({"name":"foo","value":"bar"})# Get cookie details with named cookie 'foo'print(driver.get_cookie("foo"))
usingOpenQA.Selenium;usingOpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;namespaceGetCookieNamed{classGetCookieNamed{publicstaticvoidMain(string[]args){IWebDriverdriver=newChromeDriver();try{// Navigate to Urldriver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://example.com");driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(newCookie("foo","bar"));// Get cookie details with named cookie 'foo'varcookie=driver.Manage().Cookies.GetCookieNamed("foo");System.Console.WriteLine(cookie);}finally{driver.Quit();}}}}
require'selenium-webdriver'driver=Selenium::WebDriver.for:chromebegindriver.get'https://www.example.com'driver.manage.add_cookie(name:"foo",value:"bar")# Get cookie details with named cookie 'foo'putsdriver.manage.cookie_named('foo')ensuredriver.quitend
it('Read cookie',asyncfunction(){awaitdriver.get('https://www.example.com');// set a cookie on the current domain
awaitdriver.manage().addCookie({name:'foo',value:'bar'});// Get cookie details with named cookie 'foo'
awaitdriver.manage().getCookie('foo').then(function(cookie){console.log('cookie details => ',cookie);});
importorg.openqa.selenium.Cookieimportorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriverfunmain(){valdriver=ChromeDriver()try{driver.get("https://example.com")driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("foo","bar"))// Get cookie details with named cookie 'foo'
valcookie=driver.manage().getCookieNamed("foo")println(cookie)}finally{driver.quit()}}
importorg.openqa.selenium.*;importorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;importjava.util.Set;publicclassgetAllCookies{publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args){WebDriverdriver=newChromeDriver();try{driver.get("http://www.example.com");// Add few cookies
driver.manage().addCookie(newCookie("test1","cookie1"));driver.manage().addCookie(newCookie("test2","cookie2"));// Get All available cookies
Set<Cookie>cookies=driver.manage().getCookies();System.out.println(cookies);}finally{driver.quit();}}}
fromseleniumimportwebdriverdriver=webdriver.Chrome()# Navigate to urldriver.get("http://www.example.com")driver.add_cookie({"name":"test1","value":"cookie1"})driver.add_cookie({"name":"test2","value":"cookie2"})# Get all available cookiesprint(driver.get_cookies())
usingOpenQA.Selenium;usingOpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;namespaceGetAllCookies{classGetAllCookies{publicstaticvoidMain(string[]args){IWebDriverdriver=newChromeDriver();try{// Navigate to Urldriver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://example.com");driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(newCookie("test1","cookie1"));driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(newCookie("test2","cookie2"));// Get All available cookiesvarcookies=driver.Manage().Cookies.AllCookies;}finally{driver.Quit();}}}}
require'selenium-webdriver'driver=Selenium::WebDriver.for:chromebegindriver.get'https://www.example.com'driver.manage.add_cookie(name:"test1",value:"cookie1")driver.manage.add_cookie(name:"test2",value:"cookie2")# Get all available cookiesputsdriver.manage.all_cookiesensuredriver.quitend
it('Read all cookies',asyncfunction(){awaitdriver.get('https://www.example.com');// Add few cookies
awaitdriver.manage().addCookie({name:'test1',value:'cookie1'});awaitdriver.manage().addCookie({name:'test2',value:'cookie2'});// Get all Available cookies
awaitdriver.manage().getCookies().then(function(cookies){console.log('cookie details => ',cookies);});
importorg.openqa.selenium.Cookieimportorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriverfunmain(){valdriver=ChromeDriver()try{driver.get("https://example.com")driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("test1","cookie1"))driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("test2","cookie2"))// Get All available cookies
valcookies=driver.manage().cookiesprintln(cookies)}finally{driver.quit()}}
importorg.openqa.selenium.*;importorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;publicclassdeleteCookie{publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args){WebDriverdriver=newChromeDriver();try{driver.get("http://www.example.com");driver.manage().addCookie(newCookie("test1","cookie1"));Cookiecookie1=newCookie("test2","cookie2");driver.manage().addCookie(cookie1);// delete a cookie with name 'test1'
driver.manage().deleteCookieNamed("test1");/*
Selenium Java bindings also provides a way to delete
cookie by passing cookie object of current browsing context
*/driver.manage().deleteCookie(cookie1);}finally{driver.quit();}}}
fromseleniumimportwebdriverdriver=webdriver.Chrome()# Navigate to urldriver.get("http://www.example.com")driver.add_cookie({"name":"test1","value":"cookie1"})driver.add_cookie({"name":"test2","value":"cookie2"})# Delete a cookie with name 'test1'driver.delete_cookie("test1")
usingOpenQA.Selenium;usingOpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;namespaceDeleteCookie{classDeleteCookie{publicstaticvoidMain(string[]args){IWebDriverdriver=newChromeDriver();try{// Navigate to Urldriver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://example.com");driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(newCookie("test1","cookie1"));varcookie=newCookie("test2","cookie2");driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(cookie);// delete a cookie with name 'test1' driver.Manage().Cookies.DeleteCookieNamed("test1");// Selenium .net bindings also provides a way to delete// cookie by passing cookie object of current browsing contextdriver.Manage().Cookies.DeleteCookie(cookie);}finally{driver.Quit();}}}}
require'selenium-webdriver'driver=Selenium::WebDriver.for:chromebegindriver.get'https://www.example.com'driver.manage.add_cookie(name:"test1",value:"cookie1")driver.manage.add_cookie(name:"test2",value:"cookie2")# delete a cookie with name 'test1'driver.manage.delete_cookie('test1')ensuredriver.quitend
it('Delete a cookie',asyncfunction(){awaitdriver.get('https://www.example.com');// Add few cookies
awaitdriver.manage().addCookie({name:'test1',value:'cookie1'});awaitdriver.manage().addCookie({name:'test2',value:'cookie2'});// Delete a cookie with name 'test1'
awaitdriver.manage().deleteCookie('test1');// Get all Available cookies
awaitdriver.manage().getCookies().then(function(cookies){console.log('cookie details => ',cookies);});
importorg.openqa.selenium.Cookieimportorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriverfunmain(){valdriver=ChromeDriver()try{driver.get("https://example.com")driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("test1","cookie1"))valcookie1=Cookie("test2","cookie2")driver.manage().addCookie(cookie1)// delete a cookie with name 'test1'
driver.manage().deleteCookieNamed("test1")// delete cookie by passing cookie object of current browsing context.
driver.manage().deleteCookie(cookie1)}finally{driver.quit()}}
importorg.openqa.selenium.*;importorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;publicclassdeleteAllCookies{publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args){WebDriverdriver=newChromeDriver();try{driver.get("http://www.example.com");driver.manage().addCookie(newCookie("test1","cookie1"));driver.manage().addCookie(newCookie("test2","cookie2"));// deletes all cookies
driver.manage().deleteAllCookies();}finally{driver.quit();}}}
fromseleniumimportwebdriverdriver=webdriver.Chrome()# Navigate to urldriver.get("http://www.example.com")driver.add_cookie({"name":"test1","value":"cookie1"})driver.add_cookie({"name":"test2","value":"cookie2"})# Deletes all cookiesdriver.delete_all_cookies()
usingOpenQA.Selenium;usingOpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;namespaceDeleteAllCookies{classDeleteAllCookies{publicstaticvoidMain(string[]args){IWebDriverdriver=newChromeDriver();try{// Navigate to Urldriver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://example.com");driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(newCookie("test1","cookie1"));driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(newCookie("test2","cookie2"));// deletes all cookiesdriver.Manage().Cookies.DeleteAllCookies();}finally{driver.Quit();}}}}
require'selenium-webdriver'driver=Selenium::WebDriver.for:chromebegindriver.get'https://www.example.com'driver.manage.add_cookie(name:"test1",value:"cookie1")driver.manage.add_cookie(name:"test2",value:"cookie2")# deletes all cookiesdriver.manage.delete_all_cookiesensuredriver.quitend
it('Delete all cookies',asyncfunction(){awaitdriver.get('https://www.example.com');// Add few cookies
awaitdriver.manage().addCookie({name:'test1',value:'cookie1'});awaitdriver.manage().addCookie({name:'test2',value:'cookie2'});// Delete all cookies
awaitdriver.manage().deleteAllCookies();
importorg.openqa.selenium.Cookieimportorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriverfunmain(){valdriver=ChromeDriver()try{driver.get("https://example.com")driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("test1","cookie1"))driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("test2","cookie2"))// deletes all cookies
driver.manage().deleteAllCookies()}finally{driver.quit()}}
fromseleniumimportwebdriverdriver=webdriver.Chrome()driver.get("http://www.example.com")# Adds the cookie into current browser context with sameSite 'Strict' (or) 'Lax'driver.add_cookie({"name":"foo","value":"value",'sameSite':'Strict'})driver.add_cookie({"name":"foo1","value":"value",'sameSite':'Lax'})cookie1=driver.get_cookie('foo')cookie2=driver.get_cookie('foo1')print(cookie1)print(cookie2)
require'selenium-webdriver'driver=Selenium::WebDriver.for:chromebegindriver.get'https://www.example.com'# Adds the cookie into current browser context with sameSite 'Strict' (or) 'Lax'driver.manage.add_cookie(name:"foo",value:"bar",same_site:"Strict")driver.manage.add_cookie(name:"foo1",value:"bar",same_site:"Lax")putsdriver.manage.cookie_named('foo')putsdriver.manage.cookie_named('foo1')ensuredriver.quitend
it('Create cookies with sameSite',asyncfunction(){awaitdriver.get('https://www.example.com');// set a cookie on the current domain with sameSite 'Strict' (or) 'Lax'
awaitdriver.manage().addCookie({name:'key',value:'value',sameSite:'Strict'});awaitdriver.manage().addCookie({name:'key',value:'value',sameSite:'Lax'});
//Store the web element
WebElementiframe=driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#modal>iframe"));//Switch to the frame
driver.switchTo().frame(iframe);//Now we can click the button
driver.findElement(By.tagName("button")).click();
# Store iframe web elementiframe=driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR,"#modal > iframe")# switch to selected iframedriver.switch_to.frame(iframe)# Now click on buttondriver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME,'button').click()
//Store the web elementIWebElementiframe=driver.FindElement(By.CssSelector("#modal>iframe"));//Switch to the framedriver.SwitchTo().Frame(iframe);//Now we can click the buttondriver.FindElement(By.TagName("button")).Click();
# Store iframe web elementiframe=driver.find_element(:css,'#modal > iframe')# Switch to the framedriver.switch_to.frameiframe# Now, Click on the buttondriver.find_element(:tag_name,'button').click
// Store the web element
constiframe=driver.findElement(By.css('#modal > iframe'));// Switch to the frame
awaitdriver.switchTo().frame(iframe);// Now we can click the button
awaitdriver.findElement(By.css('button')).click();
//Store the web element
valiframe=driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#modal>iframe"))//Switch to the frame
driver.switchTo().frame(iframe)//Now we can click the button
driver.findElement(By.tagName("button")).click()
//Using the ID
driver.switchTo().frame("buttonframe");//Or using the name instead
driver.switchTo().frame("myframe");//Now we can click the button
driver.findElement(By.tagName("button")).click();
# Switch frame by iddriver.switch_to.frame('buttonframe')# Now, Click on the buttondriver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME,'button').click()
//Using the IDdriver.SwitchTo().Frame("buttonframe");//Or using the name insteaddriver.SwitchTo().Frame("myframe");//Now we can click the buttondriver.FindElement(By.TagName("button")).Click();
# Switch by IDdriver.switch_to.frame'buttonframe'# Now, Click on the buttondriver.find_element(:tag_name,'button').click
// Using the ID
awaitdriver.switchTo().frame('buttonframe');// Or using the name instead
awaitdriver.switchTo().frame('myframe');// Now we can click the button
awaitdriver.findElement(By.css('button')).click();
//Using the ID
driver.switchTo().frame("buttonframe")//Or using the name instead
driver.switchTo().frame("myframe")//Now we can click the button
driver.findElement(By.tagName("button")).click()
// Switches to the second frame
driver.switchTo().frame(1);
# Switch to the second framedriver.switch_to.frame(1)
// Switches to the second framedriver.SwitchTo().Frame(1);
# switching to second iframe based on indexiframe=driver.find_elements(By.TAG_NAME,'iframe')[1]# switch to selected iframedriver.switch_to.frame(iframe)
// Switches to the second frame
awaitdriver.switchTo().frame(1);
// Switches to the second frame
driver.switchTo().frame(1)
//Store the ID of the original window
StringoriginalWindow=driver.getWindowHandle();//Check we don't have other windows open already
assertdriver.getWindowHandles().size()==1;//Click the link which opens in a new window
driver.findElement(By.linkText("new window")).click();//Wait for the new window or tab
wait.until(numberOfWindowsToBe(2));//Loop through until we find a new window handle
for(StringwindowHandle:driver.getWindowHandles()){if(!originalWindow.contentEquals(windowHandle)){driver.switchTo().window(windowHandle);break;}}//Wait for the new tab to finish loading content
wait.until(titleIs("Selenium documentation"));
fromseleniumimportwebdriverfromselenium.webdriver.support.uiimportWebDriverWaitfromselenium.webdriver.supportimportexpected_conditionsasEC# Start the driverwithwebdriver.Firefox()asdriver:# Open URLdriver.get("https://seleniumhq.github.io")# Setup wait for laterwait=WebDriverWait(driver,10)# Store the ID of the original windoworiginal_window=driver.current_window_handle# Check we don't have other windows open alreadyassertlen(driver.window_handles)==1# Click the link which opens in a new windowdriver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT,"new window").click()# Wait for the new window or tabwait.until(EC.number_of_windows_to_be(2))# Loop through until we find a new window handleforwindow_handleindriver.window_handles:ifwindow_handle!=original_window:driver.switch_to.window(window_handle)break# Wait for the new tab to finish loading contentwait.until(EC.title_is("SeleniumHQ Browser Automation"))
//Store the ID of the original windowstringoriginalWindow=driver.CurrentWindowHandle;//Check we don't have other windows open alreadyAssert.AreEqual(driver.WindowHandles.Count,1);//Click the link which opens in a new windowdriver.FindElement(By.LinkText("new window")).Click();//Wait for the new window or tabwait.Until(wd=>wd.WindowHandles.Count==2);//Loop through until we find a new window handleforeach(stringwindowindriver.WindowHandles){if(originalWindow!=window){driver.SwitchTo().Window(window);break;}}//Wait for the new tab to finish loading contentwait.Until(wd=>wd.Title=="Selenium documentation");
#Store the ID of the original windoworiginal_window=driver.window_handle#Check we don't have other windows open alreadyassert(driver.window_handles.length==1,'Expected one window')#Click the link which opens in a new windowdriver.find_element(link:'new window').click#Wait for the new window or tabwait.until{driver.window_handles.length==2}#Loop through until we find a new window handledriver.window_handles.eachdo|handle|ifhandle!=original_windowdriver.switch_to.windowhandlebreakendend#Wait for the new tab to finish loading contentwait.until{driver.title=='Selenium documentation'}
//Store the ID of the original window
constoriginalWindow=awaitdriver.getWindowHandle();//Check we don't have other windows open already
assert((awaitdriver.getAllWindowHandles()).length===1);//Click the link which opens in a new window
awaitdriver.findElement(By.linkText('new window')).click();//Wait for the new window or tab
awaitdriver.wait(async()=>(awaitdriver.getAllWindowHandles()).length===2,10000);//Loop through until we find a new window handle
constwindows=awaitdriver.getAllWindowHandles();windows.forEach(asynchandle=>{if(handle!==originalWindow){awaitdriver.switchTo().window(handle);}});//Wait for the new tab to finish loading content
awaitdriver.wait(until.titleIs('Selenium documentation'),10000);
//Store the ID of the original window
valoriginalWindow=driver.getWindowHandle()//Check we don't have other windows open already
assert(driver.getWindowHandles().size()===1)//Click the link which opens in a new window
driver.findElement(By.linkText("new window")).click()//Wait for the new window or tab
wait.until(numberOfWindowsToBe(2))//Loop through until we find a new window handle
for(windowHandleindriver.getWindowHandles()){if(!originalWindow.contentEquals(windowHandle)){driver.switchTo().window(windowHandle)break}}//Wait for the new tab to finish loading content
wait.until(titleIs("Selenium documentation"))
// Opens a new tab and switches to new tab
driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.TAB);// Opens a new window and switches to new window
driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.WINDOW);
# Opens a new tab and switches to new tabdriver.switch_to.new_window('tab')# Opens a new window and switches to new windowdriver.switch_to.new_window('window')
// Opens a new tab and switches to new tabdriver.SwitchTo().NewWindow(WindowType.Tab)// Opens a new window and switches to new windowdriver.SwitchTo().NewWindow(WindowType.Window)
# Note: The new_window in ruby only opens a new tab (or) Window and will not switch automatically# The user has to switch to new tab (or) new window# Opens a new tab and switches to new tabdriver.manage.new_window(:tab)# Opens a new window and switches to new windowdriver.manage.new_window(:window)
// Opens a new tab and switches to new tab
awaitdriver.switchTo().newWindow('tab');// Opens a new window and switches to new window
awaitdriver.switchTo().newWindow('window');
// Opens a new tab and switches to new tab
driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.TAB)// Opens a new window and switches to new window
driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.WINDOW)
/**
* Example using JUnit
* https://junit.org/junit5/docs/current/api/org/junit/jupiter/api/AfterAll.html
*/@AfterAllpublicstaticvoidtearDown(){driver.quit();}
/*
Example using Visual Studio's UnitTesting
https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/microsoft.visualstudio.testtools.unittesting.aspx
*/[TestCleanup]publicvoidTearDown(){driver.Quit();}
//Access each dimension individually
intwidth=driver.manage().window().getSize().getWidth();intheight=driver.manage().window().getSize().getHeight();//Or store the dimensions and query them later
Dimensionsize=driver.manage().window().getSize();intwidth1=size.getWidth();intheight1=size.getHeight();
# Access each dimension individuallywidth=driver.get_window_size().get("width")height=driver.get_window_size().get("height")# Or store the dimensions and query them latersize=driver.get_window_size()width1=size.get("width")height1=size.get("height")
//Access each dimension individuallyintwidth=driver.Manage().Window.Size.Width;intheight=driver.Manage().Window.Size.Height;//Or store the dimensions and query them laterSystem.Drawing.Sizesize=driver.Manage().Window.Size;intwidth1=size.Width;intheight1=size.Height;
# Access each dimension individuallywidth=driver.manage.window.size.widthheight=driver.manage.window.size.height# Or store the dimensions and query them latersize=driver.manage.window.sizewidth1=size.widthheight1=size.height
// Access each dimension individually
const{width,height}=awaitdriver.manage().window().getRect();// Or store the dimensions and query them later
constrect=awaitdriver.manage().window().getRect();constwidth1=rect.width;constheight1=rect.height;
//Access each dimension individually
valwidth=driver.manage().window().size.widthvalheight=driver.manage().window().size.height//Or store the dimensions and query them later
valsize=driver.manage().window().sizevalwidth1=size.widthvalheight1=size.height
// Access each dimension individually
intx=driver.manage().window().getPosition().getX();inty=driver.manage().window().getPosition().getY();// Or store the dimensions and query them later
Pointposition=driver.manage().window().getPosition();intx1=position.getX();inty1=position.getY();
# Access each dimension individuallyx=driver.get_window_position().get('x')y=driver.get_window_position().get('y')# Or store the dimensions and query them laterposition=driver.get_window_position()x1=position.get('x')y1=position.get('y')
//Access each dimension individuallyintx=driver.Manage().Window.Position.X;inty=driver.Manage().Window.Position.Y;//Or store the dimensions and query them laterPointposition=driver.Manage().Window.Position;intx1=position.X;inty1=position.Y;
#Access each dimension individuallyx=driver.manage.window.position.xy=driver.manage.window.position.y# Or store the dimensions and query them laterrect=driver.manage.window.rectx1=rect.xy1=rect.y
// Access each dimension individually
const{x,y}=awaitdriver.manage().window().getRect();// Or store the dimensions and query them later
constrect=awaitdriver.manage().window().getRect();constx1=rect.x;consty1=rect.y;
// Access each dimension individually
valx=driver.manage().window().position.xvaly=driver.manage().window().position.y// Or store the dimensions and query them later
valposition=driver.manage().window().positionvalx1=position.xvaly1=position.y
fromseleniumimportwebdriverdriver=webdriver.Chrome()# Navigate to urldriver.get("http://www.example.com")# Returns and base64 encoded string into imagedriver.save_screenshot('./image.png')driver.quit()
usingOpenQA.Selenium;usingOpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;usingOpenQA.Selenium.Support.UI;vardriver=newChromeDriver();driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("http://www.example.com");Screenshotscreenshot=(driverasITakesScreenshot).GetScreenshot();screenshot.SaveAsFile("screenshot.png",ScreenshotImageFormat.Png);// Format values are Bmp, Gif, Jpeg, Png, Tiff
require'selenium-webdriver'driver=Selenium::WebDriver.for:chromebegindriver.get'https://example.com/'# Takes and Stores the screenshot in specified pathdriver.save_screenshot('./image.png')end
fromseleniumimportwebdriverfromselenium.webdriver.common.byimportBydriver=webdriver.Chrome()# Navigate to urldriver.get("http://www.example.com")ele=driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR,'h1')# Returns and base64 encoded string into imageele.screenshot('./image.png')driver.quit()
usingOpenQA.Selenium;usingOpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;usingOpenQA.Selenium.Support.UI;// Webdrivervardriver=newChromeDriver();driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("http://www.example.com");// Fetch element using FindElementvarwebElement=driver.FindElement(By.CssSelector("h1"));// Screenshot for the elementvarelementScreenshot=(webElementasITakesScreenshot).GetScreenshot();elementScreenshot.SaveAsFile("screenshot_of_element.png");
# Works with Selenium4-alpha7 Ruby bindings and aboverequire'selenium-webdriver'driver=Selenium::WebDriver.for:chromebegindriver.get'https://example.com/'ele=driver.find_element(:css,'h1')# Takes and Stores the element screenshot in specified pathele.save_screenshot('./image.jpg')end
const{Builder,By}=require('selenium-webdriver');letfs=require('fs');(asyncfunctionexample(){letdriver=awaitnewBuilder().forBrowser('chrome').build();awaitdriver.get('https://www.example.com');letele=awaitdriver.findElement(By.css("h1"));// Captures the element screenshot
letencodedString=awaitele.takeScreenshot(true);awaitfs.writeFileSync('./image.png',encodedString,'base64');awaitdriver.quit();}())
//Creating the JavascriptExecutor interface object by Type casting
JavascriptExecutorjs=(JavascriptExecutor)driver;//Button Element
WebElementbutton=driver.findElement(By.name("btnLogin"));//Executing JavaScript to click on element
js.executeScript("arguments[0].click();",button);//Get return value from script
Stringtext=(String)js.executeScript("return arguments[0].innerText",button);//Executing JavaScript directly
js.executeScript("console.log('hello world')");
# Stores the header elementheader=driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR,"h1")# Executing JavaScript to capture innerText of header elementdriver.execute_script('return arguments[0].innerText',header)
//creating Chromedriver instanceIWebDriverdriver=newChromeDriver();//Creating the JavascriptExecutor interface object by Type castingIJavaScriptExecutorjs=(IJavaScriptExecutor)driver;//Button ElementIWebElementbutton=driver.FindElement(By.Name("btnLogin"));//Executing JavaScript to click on elementjs.ExecuteScript("arguments[0].click();",button);//Get return value from scriptStringtext=(String)js.ExecuteScript("return arguments[0].innerText",button);//Executing JavaScript directlyjs.ExecuteScript("console.log('hello world')");
# Stores the header elementheader=driver.find_element(css:'h1')# Get return value from scriptresult=driver.execute_script("return arguments[0].innerText",header)# Executing JavaScript directlydriver.execute_script("alert('hello world')")
// Stores the header element
letheader=awaitdriver.findElement(By.css('h1'));// Executing JavaScript to capture innerText of header element
lettext=awaitdriver.executeScript('return arguments[0].innerText',header);
// Stores the header element
valheader=driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("h1"))// Get return value from script
valresult=driver.executeScript("return arguments[0].innerText",header)// Executing JavaScript directly
driver.executeScript("alert('hello world')")
Page being translated from English to Japanese.
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it by sending us pull requests!
Web applications can enable a public key-based authentication mechanism known as Web Authentication to authenticate users in a passwordless manner.
Web Authentication defines APIs that allows a user to create a public-key credential and register it with an authenticator.
An authenticator can be a hardware device or a software entity that stores user’s public-key credentials and retrieves them on request.
As the name suggests, Virtual Authenticator emulates such authenticators for testing.
Virtual Authenticator Options
A Virtual Authenticatior has a set of properties.
These properties are mapped as VirtualAuthenticatorOptions in the Selenium bindings.
A low-level interface for providing virtualized device input actions to the web browser.
In addition to the high-level element interactions,
the Actions API provides granular control over
exactly what designated input devices can do. Selenium provides an interface for 3 kinds of input sources:
a key input for keyboard devices, a pointer input for a mouse, pen or touch devices,
and wheel inputs for scroll wheel devices (introduced in Selenium 4.2).
Selenium allows you to construct individual action commands assigned to specific
inputs and chain them together and call the associated perform method to execute them all at once.
Action Builder
In the move from the legacy JSON Wire Protocol to the new W3C WebDriver Protocol,
the low level building blocks of actions became especially detailed. It is extremely
powerful, but each input device has a number of ways to use it and if you need to
manage more than one device, you are responsible for ensuring proper synchronization between them.
Thankfully, you likely do not need to learn how to use the low level commands directly, since
almost everything you might want to do has been given a convenience method that combines the
lower level commands for you. These are all documented in
keyboard, mouse, pen, and wheel pages.
Pause
Pointer movements and Wheel scrolling allow the user to set a duration for the action, but sometimes you just need
to wait a beat between actions for things to work correctly.
An important thing to note is that the driver remembers the state of all the input
items throughout a session. Even if you create a new instance of an actions class, the depressed keys and
the location of the pointer will be in whatever state a previously performed action left them.
There is a special method to release all currently depressed keys and pointer buttons.
This method is implemented differently in each of the languages because
it does not get executed with the perform method.
A representation of any key input device for interacting with a web page.
There are only 2 actions that can be accomplished with a keyboard:
pressing down on a key, and releasing a pressed key.
In addition to supporting ASCII characters, each keyboard key has
a representation that can be pressed or released in designated sequences.
Keys
In addition to the keys represented by regular unicode,
unicode values have been assigned to other keyboard keys for use with Selenium.
Each language has its own way to reference these keys; the full list can be found
here.
This is a convenience method in the Actions API that combines keyDown and keyUp commands in one action.
Executing this command differs slightly from using the element method, but
primarily this gets used when needing to type multiple characters in the middle of other actions.
Here’s an example of using all of the above methods to conduct a copy / paste action.
Note that the key to use for this operation will be different depending on if it is a Mac OS or not.
This code will end up with the text: SeleniumSelenium!
A representation of any pointer device for interacting with a web page.
There are only 3 actions that can be accomplished with a mouse:
pressing down on a button, releasing a pressed button, and moving the mouse.
Selenium provides convenience methods that combine these actions in the most common ways.
Click and hold
This method combines moving the mouse to the center of an element with pressing the left mouse button.
This is useful for focusing a specific element:
There are a total of 5 defined buttons for a Mouse:
0 — Left Button (the default)
1 — Middle Button (currently unsupported)
2 — Right Button
3 — X1 (Back) Button
4 — X2 (Forward) Button
Context Click
This method combines moving to the center of an element with pressing and releasing the right mouse button (button 2).
This is otherwise known as “right-clicking”:
This method moves the mouse to the in-view center point of the element.
This is otherwise known as “hovering.”
Note that the element must be in the viewport or else the command will error.
These methods first move the mouse to the designated origin and then
by the number of pixels in the provided offset.
Note that the position of the mouse must be in the viewport or else the command will error.
Offset from Element
This method moves the mouse to the in-view center point of the element,
then moves by the provided offset.
This method moves the mouse from its current position by the offset provided by the user.
If the mouse has not previously been moved, the position will be in the upper left
corner of the viewport.
Note that the pointer position does not change when the page is scrolled.
Note that the first argument X specifies to move right when positive, while the second argument
Y specifies to move down when positive. So moveByOffset(30, -10) moves right 30 and up 10 from
the current mouse position.
A Pen is a type of pointer input that has most of the same behavior as a mouse, but can
also have event properties unique to a stylus. Additionally, while a mouse
has 5 buttons, a pen has 3 equivalent button states:
0 — Touch Contact (the default; equivalent to a left click)
2 — Barrel Button (equivalent to a right click)
5 — Eraser Button (currently unsupported by drivers)
This is the most common scenario. Unlike traditional click and send keys methods,
the actions class does not automatically scroll the target element into view,
so this method will need to be used if elements are not already inside the viewport.
This method takes a web element as the sole argument.
Regardless of whether the element is above or below the current viewscreen,
the viewport will be scrolled so the bottom of the element is at the bottom of the screen.
This is the second most common scenario for scrolling. Pass in an delta x and a delta y value for how much to scroll
in the right and down directions. Negative values represent left and up, respectively.
This scenario is effectively a combination of the above two methods.
To execute this use the “Scroll From” method, which takes 3 arguments.
The first represents the origination point, which we designate as the element,
and the second two are the delta x and delta y values.
If the element is out of the viewport,
it will be scrolled to the bottom of the screen, then the page will be scrolled by the provided
delta x and delta y values.
This scenario is used when you need to scroll only a portion of the screen, and it is outside the viewport.
Or is inside the viewport and the portion of the screen that must be scrolled
is a known offset away from a specific element.
This uses the “Scroll From” method again, and in addition to specifying the element,
an offset is specified to indicate the origin point of the scroll. The offset is
calculated from the center of the provided element.
If the element is out of the viewport,
it first will be scrolled to the bottom of the screen, then the origin of the scroll will be determined
by adding the offset to the coordinates of the center of the element, and finally
the page will be scrolled by the provided delta x and delta y values.
Note that if the offset from the center of the element falls outside of the viewport,
it will result in an exception.
Scroll from a offset of origin (element) by given amount
The final scenario is used when you need to scroll only a portion of the screen,
and it is already inside the viewport.
This uses the “Scroll From” method again, but the viewport is designated instead
of an element. An offset is specified from the upper left corner of the
current viewport. After the origin point is determined,
the page will be scrolled by the provided delta x and delta y values.
Note that if the offset from the upper left corner of the viewport falls outside of the screen,
it will result in an exception.
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Selenium is working with browser vendors to create the
WebDriver BiDirectional Protocol
as a means to provide a stable, cross-browser API that uses the bidirectional
functionality useful for both browser automation generally and testing specifically.
Before now, users seeking this functionality have had to rely on
with all of its frustrations and limitations.
The traditional WebDriver model of strict request/response commands will be supplemented
with the ability to stream events from the user agent to the controlling software via WebSockets,
better matching the evented nature of the browser DOM.
As it is not a good idea to tie your tests to a specific version of any browser, the
Selenium project recommends using WebDriver BiDi wherever possible.
However, until the specification is complete there are many useful things that
CDP (Chrome DevTools Protocol) offers. To help keep your tests independent
and portable, Selenium offers some useful helper classes as well. At the
moment, they use the CDP, but soon it could be done using WebDriver BiDi.
8.1 - Chrome DevTools Protocol
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While Selenium 4 provides direct access to the Chrome DevTools Protocol (CDP), it is
highly encouraged that you use the WebDriver Bidi APIs instead.
Many browsers provide “DevTools” – a set of tools that are integrated with the browser that
developers can use to debug web apps and explore the performance of their pages. Google Chrome’s
DevTools make use of a protocol called the Chrome DevTools Protocol (or “CDP” for short).
As the name suggests, this is not designed for testing, nor to have a stable API, so functionality
is highly dependent on the version of the browser.
WebDriver Bidi is the next generation of the W3C WebDriver protocol and aims to provide a stable API
implemented by all browsers, but it’s not yet complete. Until it is, Selenium provides access to
the CDP for those browsers that implement it (such as Google Chrome, or Microsoft Edge, and
Firefox), allowing you to enhance your tests in interesting ways. Some examples of what you can
do with it are given below.
Emulate Geo Location
Some applications have different features and functionalities across different
locations. Automating such applications is difficult because it is hard to emulate
the geo-locations in the browser using Selenium. But with the help of Devtools,
we can easily emulate them. Below code snippet demonstrates that.
fromseleniumimportwebdriverfromselenium.webdriver.chrome.serviceimportServicedefgeoLocationTest():driver=webdriver.Chrome()Map_coordinates=dict({"latitude":41.8781,"longitude":-87.6298,"accuracy":100})driver.execute_cdp_cmd("Emulation.setGeolocationOverride",Map_coordinates)driver.get("<your site url>")
usingSystem.Threading.Tasks;usingOpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;usingOpenQA.Selenium.DevTools;// Replace the version to match the Chrome versionusingOpenQA.Selenium.DevTools.V87.Emulation;namespacedotnet_test{classProgram{publicstaticvoidMain(string[]args){GeoLocation().GetAwaiter().GetResult();}publicstaticasyncTaskGeoLocation(){ChromeDriverdriver=newChromeDriver();DevToolsSessiondevToolsSession=driver.CreateDevToolsSession();vargeoLocationOverrideCommandSettings=newSetGeolocationOverrideCommandSettings();geoLocationOverrideCommandSettings.Latitude=51.507351;geoLocationOverrideCommandSettings.Longitude=-0.127758;geoLocationOverrideCommandSettings.Accuracy=1;awaitdevToolsSession.GetVersionSpecificDomains<OpenQA.Selenium.DevTools.V87.DevToolsSessionDomains>().Emulation.SetGeolocationOverride(geoLocationOverrideCommandSettings);driver.Url="<your site url>";}}}
require'selenium-webdriver'driver=Selenium::WebDriver.for:chromebegin# Latitude and longitude of Tokyo, Japancoordinates={latitude:35.689487,longitude:139.691706,accuracy:100}driver.execute_cdp('Emulation.setGeolocationOverride',coordinates)driver.get'https://www.google.com/search?q=selenium'ensuredriver.quitend
const{By,Key,Browser}=require('selenium-webdriver');const{suite}=require('selenium-webdriver/testing');constassert=require("assert");suite(function(env){describe('Emulate geolocation',function(){letdriver;before(asyncfunction(){driver=awaitenv.builder().build();});after(()=>driver.quit());it('Emulate coordinates of Tokyo',asyncfunction(){constcdpConnection=awaitdriver.createCDPConnection('page');// Latitude and longitude of Tokyo, Japan
constcoordinates={latitude:35.689487,longitude:139.691706,accuracy:100,};awaitcdpConnection.execute("Emulation.setGeolocationOverride",coordinates);awaitdriver.get("https://kawasaki-india.com/dealer-locator/");});});},{browsers:[Browser.CHROME,Browser.FIREFOX]});
fromseleniumimportwebdriver#Replace the version to match the Chrome versionimportselenium.webdriver.common.devtools.v93asdevtoolsasyncdefgeoLocationTest():chrome_options=webdriver.ChromeOptions()driver=webdriver.Remote(command_executor='<grid-url>',options=chrome_options)asyncwithdriver.bidi_connection()assession:cdpSession=session.sessionawaitcdpSession.execute(devtools.emulation.set_geolocation_override(latitude=41.8781,longitude=-87.6298,accuracy=100))driver.get("https://my-location.org/")driver.quit()
usingSystem.Threading.Tasks;usingOpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;usingOpenQA.Selenium.DevTools;// Replace the version to match the Chrome versionusingOpenQA.Selenium.DevTools.V87.Emulation;namespacedotnet_test{classProgram{publicstaticvoidMain(string[]args){GeoLocation().GetAwaiter().GetResult();}publicstaticasyncTaskGeoLocation(){ChromeOptionschromeOptions=newChromeOptions();RemoteWebDriverdriver=newRemoteWebDriver(newUri("<grid-url>"),chromeOptions);DevToolsSessiondevToolsSession=driver.CreateDevToolsSession();vargeoLocationOverrideCommandSettings=newSetGeolocationOverrideCommandSettings();geoLocationOverrideCommandSettings.Latitude=51.507351;geoLocationOverrideCommandSettings.Longitude=-0.127758;geoLocationOverrideCommandSettings.Accuracy=1;awaitdevToolsSession.GetVersionSpecificDomains<OpenQA.Selenium.DevTools.V87.DevToolsSessionDomains>().Emulation.SetGeolocationOverride(geoLocationOverrideCommandSettings);driver.Url="https://my-location.org/";}}}
driver=Selenium::WebDriver.for(:remote,:url=>"<grid-url>",:capabilities=>:chrome)begin# Latitude and longitude of Tokyo, Japancoordinates={latitude:35.689487,longitude:139.691706,accuracy:100}devToolsSession=driver.devtoolsdevToolsSession.send_cmd('Emulation.setGeolocationOverride',coordinates)driver.get'https://my-location.org/'putsresensuredriver.quitend
constwebdriver=require('selenium-webdriver');constBROWSER_NAME=webdriver.Browser.CHROME;asyncfunctiongetDriver(){returnnewwebdriver.Builder().usingServer('<grid-url>').forBrowser(BROWSER_NAME).build();}asyncfunctionexecuteCDPCommands(){letdriver=awaitgetDriver();awaitdriver.get("<your site url>");constcdpConnection=awaitdriver.createCDPConnection('page');//Latitude and longitude of Tokyo, Japan
constcoordinates={latitude:35.689487,longitude:139.691706,accuracy:100,};awaitcdpConnection.execute("Emulation.setGeolocationOverride",coordinates);awaitdriver.quit();}executeCDPCommands();
importorg.openqa.selenium.WebDriverimportorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptionsimportorg.openqa.selenium.devtools.HasDevTools// Replace the version to match the Chrome version
importorg.openqa.selenium.devtools.v91.emulation.Emulationimportorg.openqa.selenium.remote.Augmenterimportorg.openqa.selenium.remote.RemoteWebDriverimportjava.net.URLimportjava.util.Optionalfunmain(){valchromeOptions=ChromeOptions()vardriver:WebDriver=RemoteWebDriver(URL("<grid-url>"),chromeOptions)driver=Augmenter().augment(driver)valdevTools=(driverasHasDevTools).devToolsdevTools.createSession()devTools.send(Emulation.setGeolocationOverride(Optional.of(52.5043),Optional.of(13.4501),Optional.of(1)))driver["https://my-location.org/"]driver.quit()}
Override Device Mode
Using Selenium’s integration with CDP, one can override the current device
mode and simulate a new mode. Width, height, mobile, and deviceScaleFactor
are required parameters. Optional parameters include scale, screenWidth,
screenHeight, positionX, positionY, dontSetVisible, screenOrientation, viewport, and displayFeature.
ChromeDriverdriver=newChromeDriver();DevToolsdevTools=driver.getDevTools();devTools.createSession();// iPhone 11 Pro dimensions
devTools.send(Emulation.setDeviceMetricsOverride(375,812,50,true,Optional.empty(),Optional.empty(),Optional.empty(),Optional.empty(),Optional.empty(),Optional.empty(),Optional.empty(),Optional.empty(),Optional.empty()));driver.get("https://selenium.dev/");driver.quit();
fromseleniumimportwebdriverdriver=webdriver.Chrome()//iPhone11Prodimensionsset_device_metrics_override=dict({"width":375,"height":812,"deviceScaleFactor":50,"mobile":True})driver.execute_cdp_cmd('Emulation.setDeviceMetricsOverride',set_device_metrics_override)driver.get("<your site url>")
usingOpenQA.Selenium;usingOpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;usingOpenQA.Selenium.DevTools;usingSystem.Threading.Tasks;usingOpenQA.Selenium.DevTools.V91.Emulation;usingDevToolsSessionDomains=OpenQA.Selenium.DevTools.V91.DevToolsSessionDomains;namespaceSelenium4Sample{publicclassExampleDevice{protectedIDevToolsSessionsession;protectedIWebDriverdriver;protectedDevToolsSessionDomainsdevToolsSession;publicasyncTaskDeviceModeTest(){ChromeOptionschromeOptions=newChromeOptions();//Set ChromeDriverdriver=newChromeDriver();//Get DevToolsIDevToolsdevTools=driverasIDevTools;//DevTools Sessionsession=devTools.GetDevToolsSession();vardeviceModeSetting=newSetDeviceMetricsOverrideCommandSettings();deviceModeSetting.Width=600;deviceModeSetting.Height=1000;deviceModeSetting.Mobile=true;deviceModeSetting.DeviceScaleFactor=50;awaitsession.GetVersionSpecificDomains<OpenQA.Selenium.DevTools.V91.DevToolsSessionDomains>().Emulation.SetDeviceMetricsOverride(deviceModeSetting);driver.Url="<your site url>";}}}
// File must contain the following using statementsusingOpenQA.Selenium;usingOpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;usingOpenQA.Selenium.DevTools;// We must use a version-specific set of domainsusingOpenQA.Selenium.DevTools.V94.Performance;publicasyncTaskPerformanceMetricsExample(){IWebDriverdriver=newChromeDriver();IDevToolsdevTools=driverasIDevTools;DevToolsSessionsession=devTools.GetDevToolsSession();awaitsession.SendCommand<EnableCommandSettings>(newEnableCommandSettings());varmetricsResponse=awaitsession.SendCommand<GetMetricsCommandSettings,GetMetricsCommandResponse>(newGetMetricsCommandSettings());driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("http://www.google.com");driver.Quit();varmetrics=metricsResponse.Metrics;foreach(Metricmetricinmetrics){Console.WriteLine("{0} = {1}",metric.Name,metric.Value);}}
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The following list of APIs will be growing as the Selenium
project works through supporting real world use cases. If there
is additional functionality you’d like to see, please raise a
feature request.
Register Basic Auth
Some applications make use of browser authentication to secure pages.
With Selenium, you can automate the input of basic auth credentials whenever they arise.
require'selenium-webdriver'driver=Selenium::WebDriver.for:chromebegindriver.devtools.newdriver.register(username:'username',password:'password')driver.get'<your site url>'ensuredriver.quitend
ChromeDriverdriver=newChromeDriver();DevToolsdevTools=driver.getDevTools();devTools.createSession();devTools.send(Log.enable());devTools.addListener(Log.entryAdded(),logEntry->{System.out.println("log: "+logEntry.getText());System.out.println("level: "+logEntry.getLevel());});driver.get("http://the-internet.herokuapp.com/broken_images");// Check the terminal output for the browser console messages.
driver.quit();
importtriofromseleniumimportwebdriverfromselenium.webdriver.common.logimportLogasyncdefprintConsoleLogs():chrome_options=webdriver.ChromeOptions()driver=webdriver.Chrome()driver.get("http://www.google.com")asyncwithdriver.bidi_connection()assession:log=Log(driver,session)fromselenium.webdriver.common.bidi.consoleimportConsoleasyncwithlog.add_listener(Console.ALL)asmessages:driver.execute_script("console.log('I love cheese')")print(messages["message"])driver.quit()trio.run(printConsoleLogs)
importorg.openqa.selenium.*;importorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;importorg.openqa.selenium.devtools.DevTools;publicvoidjsExceptionsExample(){ChromeDriverdriver=newChromeDriver();DevToolsdevTools=driver.getDevTools();devTools.createSession();List<JavascriptException>jsExceptionsList=newArrayList<>();Consumer<JavascriptException>addEntry=jsExceptionsList::add;devTools.getDomains().events().addJavascriptExceptionListener(addEntry);driver.get("<your site url>");WebElementlink2click=driver.findElement(By.linkText("<your link text>"));((JavascriptExecutor)driver).executeScript("arguments[0].setAttribute(arguments[1], arguments[2]);",link2click,"onclick","throw new Error('Hello, world!')");link2click.click();for(JavascriptExceptionjsException:jsExceptionsList){System.out.println("JS exception message: "+jsException.getMessage());System.out.println("JS exception system information: "+jsException.getSystemInformation());jsException.printStackTrace();}}
asyncdefcatchJSException():chrome_options=webdriver.ChromeOptions()driver=webdriver.Chrome()asyncwithdriver.bidi_connection()assession:driver.get("<your site url>")log=Log(driver,session)asyncwithlog.add_js_error_listener()asmessages:# Operation on the website that throws an JS errorprint(messages)driver.quit()
List<string>exceptionMessages=newList<string>();usingIJavaScriptEnginemonitor=newJavaScriptEngine(driver);monitor.JavaScriptExceptionThrown+=(sender,e)=>{exceptionMessages.Add(e.Message);};awaitmonitor.StartEventMonitoring();driver.Navigate.GoToUrl("<your site url>");IWebElementlink2click=driver.FindElement(By.LinkText("<your link text>"));((IJavaScriptExecutor)driver).ExecuteScript("arguments[0].setAttribute(arguments[1], arguments[2]);",link2click,"onclick","throw new Error('Hello, world!')");link2click.Click();foreach(stringmessageinexceptionMessages){Console.WriteLine("JS exception message: {0}",message);}
const{Builder,By}=require('selenium-webdriver');(async()=>{try{letdriver=newBuilder().forBrowser('chrome').build();constcdpConnection=awaitdriver.createCDPConnection('page')awaitdriver.onLogException(cdpConnection,function(event){console.log(event['exceptionDetails']);})awaitdriver.get('https://the-internet.herokuapp.com');constlink=awaitdriver.findElement(By.linkText('Checkboxes'));awaitdriver.executeScript("arguments[0].setAttribute(arguments[1], arguments[2]);",link,"onclick","throw new Error('Hello, world!')");awaitlink.click();awaitdriver.quit();}catch(e){console.log(e);}})()
funkotlinJsErrorListener(){valdriver=ChromeDriver()valdevTools=driver.devToolsdevTools.createSession()vallogJsError={j:JavascriptException->print("Javascript error: '"+j.localizedMessage+"'.")}devTools.domains.events().addJavascriptExceptionListener(logJsError)driver.get("https://www.google.com")vallink2click=driver.findElement(By.name("q"))(driverasJavascriptExecutor).executeScript("arguments[0].setAttribute(arguments[1], arguments[2]);",link2click,"onclick","throw new Error('Hello, world!')")link2click.click()driver.quit()}
Network Interception
If you want to capture network events coming into the browser and you want manipulate them you are able to do
it with the following examples.
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it by sending us pull requests!
The following list of APIs will be growing as the WebDriver BiDirectional Protocol grows
and browser vendors implement the same.
Additionally, Selenium will try to support real-world use cases that internally use a combination of W3C BiDi protocol APIs.
If there is additional functionality you’d like to see, please raise a
feature request.
8.3.1 - Browsing Context
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This section contains the APIs related to browsing context commands.
A reference browsing context is a top-level browsing context.
The API allows to pass the reference browsing context, which is used to create a new window. The implementation is operating system specific.
A reference browsing context is a top-level browsing context.
The API allows to pass the reference browsing context, which is used to create a new tab. The implementation is operating system specific.
Provides a tree of all browsing contexts descending from the parent browsing context, including the parent browsing context upto the depth value passed.
Assertions.assertEquals(1,contextInfoList.size());BrowsingContextInfoinfo=contextInfoList.get(0);Assertions.assertNull(info.getChildren());// since depth is 0
Assertions.assertEquals("Error: Not working",logEntry.getText());Assertions.assertEquals("javascript",logEntry.getType());Assertions.assertEquals(LogLevel.ERROR,logEntry.getLevel());}}@TestvoidtestListenToJavascriptErrorLog()
constinspector=awaitLogInspector(driver)awaitinspector.onJavascriptException(function(log){logEntry=log})awaitdriver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/bidi/logEntryAdded.html')awaitdriver.findElement({id:'jsException'}).click()assert.equal(logEntry.text,'Error: Not working')assert.equal(logEntry.type,'javascript')assert.equal(logEntry.level,'error')
Support classes provide optional higher level features.
The core libraries of Selenium try to be low level and non-opinionated.
The Support classes in each language provide opinionated wrappers for common interactions
that may be used to simplify some behaviors.
The Select object will now give you a series of commands
that allow you to interact with a <select> element.
If you are using Java or .NET make sure that you’ve properly required the support package
in your code. See the full code from GitHub in any of the examples below.
Note that this class only works for HTML elements select and option.
It is possible to design drop-downs with JavaScript overlays using div or li,
and this class will not work for those.
Types
Select methods may behave differently depending on which type of <select> element is being worked with.
Single select
This is the standard drop-down object where one and only one option may be selected.
<selectname="selectomatic"><optionselected="selected"id="non_multi_option"value="one">One</option><optionvalue="two">Two</option><optionvalue="four">Four</option><optionvalue="still learning how to count, apparently">Still learning how to count, apparently</option></select>
Multiple select
This select list allows selecting and deselecting more than one option at a time.
This only applies to <select> elements with the multiple attribute.
First locate a <select> element, then use it to initialize a Select object.
Note that as of Selenium 4.5, you can’t create a Select object if the <select> element is disabled.
Get a list of selected options in the <select> element. For a standard select list
this will only be a list with one element, for a multiple select list it can contain
zero or many elements.
The Select class provides three ways to select an option.
Note that for multiple select type Select lists, you can repeat these methods
for each element you want to select.
publicclassDriverClash{//thread main (id 1) created this driver
privateWebDriverprotectedDriver=ThreadGuard.protect(newChromeDriver());static{System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver","<Set path to your Chromedriver>");}//Thread-1 (id 24) is calling the same driver causing the clash to happen
Runnabler1=()->{protectedDriver.get("https://selenium.dev");};Threadthr1=newThread(r1);voidrunThreads(){thr1.start();}publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args){newDriverClash().runThreads();}}
結果は以下のとおりです。
Exception in thread "Thread-1" org.openqa.selenium.WebDriverException:
Thread safety error; this instance of WebDriver was constructed
on thread main (id 1)and is being accessed by thread Thread-1 (id 24)
This is not permitted and *will* cause undefined behaviour
It is not always obvious the root cause of errors in Selenium.
The most common Selenium-related error is a result of poor synchronization.
Read about Waiting Strategies. If you aren’t sure if it
is a synchronization strategy you can try temporarily hard coding a large sleep
where you see the issue, and you’ll know if adding an explicit wait can help.
Note that many errors that get reported to the project are actually caused by
issues in the underlying drivers that Selenium sends the commands to. You can rule
out a driver problem by executing the command in multiple browsers.
If you have questions about how to do things, check out the Support options
for ways get assistance.
If you think you’ve found a problem with Selenium code, go ahead and file a
Bug Report
on GitHub.
10.1 - Understanding Common Errors
How to get deal with various problems in your Selenium code.
Invalid Selector Exception
CSS and XPath Selectors are sometimes difficult to get correct.
Likely Cause
The CSS or XPath selector you are trying to use has invalid characters or an invalid query.
An element goes stale when it was previously located, but can not be currently accessed.
Elements do not get relocated automatically; the driver creates a reference ID for the element and
has a particular place it expects to find it in the DOM. If it can not find the element
in the current DOM, any action using that element will result in this exception.
Common Causes
This can happen when:
You have refreshed the page, or the DOM of the page has dynamically changed.
You have navigated to a different page.
You have switched to another window or into or out of a frame or iframe.
Common Solutions
The DOM has changed
When the page is refreshed or items on the page have moved around, there is still
an element with the desired locator on the page, it is just no longer accessible
by the element object being used, and the element must be relocated before it can be used again.
This is often done in one of two ways:
Always relocate the element every time you go to use it. The likelihood of
the element going stale in the microseconds between locating and using the element
is small, though possible. The downside is that this is not the most efficient approach,
especially when running on a remote grid.
Wrap the Web Element with another object that stores the locator, and caches the
located Selenium element. When taking actions with this wrapped object, you can
attempt to use the cached object if previously located, and if it is stale, exception
can be caught, the element relocated with the stored locator, and the method re-tried.
This is more efficient, but it can cause problems if the locator you’re using
references a different element (and not the one you want) after the page has changed.
The Context has changed
Element objects are stored for a given context, so if you move to a different context —
like a different window or a different frame or iframe — the element reference will
still be valid, but will be temporarily inaccessible. In this scenario, it won’t
help to relocate the element, because it doesn’t exist in the current context.
To fix this, you need to make sure to switch back to the correct context before using the element.
The Page has changed
This scenario is when you haven’t just changed contexts, you have navigated to another page
and have destroyed the context in which the element was located.
You can’t just relocate it from the current context,
and you can’t switch back to an active context where it is valid. If this is the reason
for your error, you must both navigate back to the correct location and relocate it.
10.2 - Logging Selenium commands
Getting information about Selenium execution.
Turning on logging is a valuable way to get extra information that might help you determine
why you might be having a problem.
Java logs are typically created per class. You can work with the default logger to
work with all loggers. To filter out specific classes, see Filtering
Java Logging is not exactly straightforward, and if you are just looking for an easy way
to look at the important Selenium logs,
take a look at the Selenium Logger project
Python logs are typically created per module. You can match all submodules by referencing the top
level module. So to work with all loggers in selenium module, you can do this:
.NET does not currently have a Logging implementation
If you want to see as much debugging as possible in all the classes,
you can turn on debugging globally in Ruby by setting $DEBUG = true.
For more fine-tuned control, Ruby Selenium created its own Logger class to wrap the default Logger class.
This implementation provides some interesting additional features.
Obtain the logger directly from the #loggerclass method on the Selenium::WebDriver module:
Things get complicated when you use PyTest, though. By default, PyTest hides logging unless the test
fails. You need to set 3 things to get PyTest to display logs on passing tests.
To always output logs with PyTest you need to run with additional arguments.
First, -s to prevent PyTest from capturing the console.
Second, -p no:logging, which allows you to override the default PyTest logging settings so logs can
be displayed regardless of errors.
So you need to set these flags in your IDE, or run PyTest on command line like:
pytest -s -p no:logging
Finally, since you turned off logging in the arguments above, you now need to add configuration to
turn it back on:
logging.basicConfig(level=logging.WARN)
.NET does not currently have a Logging implementation
Ruby logger has 5 logger levels: :debug, :info, :warn, :error, :fatal.
As of Selenium v4.9.1, The default is :info.
Things are logged as warnings if they are something the user needs to take action on. This is often used
for deprecations. For various reasons, Selenium project does not follow standard Semantic Versioning practices.
Our policy is to mark things as deprecated for 3 releases and then remove them, so deprecations
may be logged as warnings.
This is the default level where Selenium logs things that users should be aware of but do not need to take actions on.
This might reference a new method or direct users to more information about something
Java logging is managed on a per class level, so
instead of using the root logger (Logger.getLogger("")), set the level you want to use on a per-class
basis:
.NET does not currently have a Logging implementation
Ruby’s logger allows you to opt in (“allow”) or opt out (“ignore”) of log messages based on their IDs.
Everything that Selenium logs includes an ID. You can also turn on or off all deprecation notices by
using :deprecations.
These methods accept one or more symbols or an array of symbols: