IDE (Integrated Development Environment: 統合開発環境)はSeleniumのテストケースを開発するためのツールです。
これは利用しやすいChromeとFirefoxの拡張機能であり、テストケースを開発するための一般に最も効率的なツールです。
IDEはあなたのブラウザ上で、その要素で定義されたパラメーターと共にSeleniumのコマンドを使いユーザーの動作を記録します。
これは時間の節約だけでなく、Seleniumスクリプトのシンタックスを学ぶための優れた方法です。
ドライバーは、ChromeDriver for GoogleのChrome/Chromium、MozillaのFirefox用GeckoDriverなどブラウザー固有のものです。
ドライバーはブラウザと同じシステムで動きます。これは、テスト自体を実行するところが同じシステムである場合とそうでない場合があります。
Further items of note for using Visual Studio Code (vscode) and C#
Install the compatible .NET SDK as per the section above.
Also install the vscode extensions (Ctrl-Shift-X) for C# and NuGet.
Follow the instruction here
to create and run the “Hello World” console project using C#.
You may also create a NUnit starter project using the command line dotnet new NUnit.
Make sure the file %appdata%\NuGet\nuget.config is configured properly as some developers reported that it will be empty due to some issues.
If nuget.config is empty, or not configured properly, then .NET builds will fail for Selenium Projects.
Add the following section to the file nuget.config if it is empty:
For more info about nuget.configclick here.
You may have to customize nuget.config to meet you needs.
Now, go back to vscode, press Ctrl-Shift-P, and type “NuGet Add Package”, and enter the required Selenium packages such as Selenium.WebDriver.
Press Enter and select the version.
Now you can use the examples in the documentation related to C# with vscode.
You can see the minimum required version of Ruby for any given Selenium version
on rubygems.org
Selenium Manager helps you to get a working environment to run Selenium out of the box
(no additional downloads! no additional configurations!).
Selenium Manager attempts to obtain the most correct driver for any browser
supported by Selenium in a performant way.
Selenium Manager is currently “opt-in,” which means
that it is only used if code would otherwise fail.
That means if you manage drivers by one of the approaches below, Selenium Manager
will not be used.
2. ドライバー管理ソフトウェア
Before Selenium Manager was created, many users turned to other projects to automatically
manage their drivers. Most of the functionality of these libraries exists natively in
the latest version of Selenium.
If you can’t use Selenium Manager because you are using
an older version of Selenium (please upgrade),
or need an advanced feature not yet implemented by Selenium Manager,
you might try one of these tools:
Synchronizing the code with the current state of the browser is one of the biggest challenges
with Selenium, and doing it well is an advanced topic.
Essentially you want to make sure that the element is on the page before you attempt to locate it
and the element is in an interactable state before you attempt to interact with it.
An implicit wait is rarely the best solution, but it’s the easiest to demonstrate here, so
we’ll use it as a placeholder.
If you are using Selenium for testing,
you will want to execute your Selenium code using test runner tools.
Many of the code examples in this documentation can be found in our example repositories.
There are multiple options in each language, but here is what we are using in our examples:
<dependencies><!-- more dependencies ... --><dependency><groupId>org.seleniumhq.selenium</groupId><artifactId>selenium-java</artifactId><version>3.141.59</version></dependency><!-- more dependencies ... --></dependencies>
After
<dependencies><!-- more dependencies ... --><dependency><groupId>org.seleniumhq.selenium</groupId><artifactId>selenium-java</artifactId><version>4.4.0</version></dependency><!-- more dependencies ... --></dependencies>
importorg.openqa.selenium.PageLoadStrategy;importorg.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;importorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;importorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;publicclasspageLoadStrategy{publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args){ChromeOptionschromeOptions=newChromeOptions();chromeOptions.setPageLoadStrategy(PageLoadStrategy.NORMAL);WebDriverdriver=newChromeDriver(chromeOptions);try{// Navigate to Url
driver.get("https://google.com");}finally{driver.quit();}}}
it('Navigate using normal page loading strategy',asyncfunction(){letdriver=awaitenv.builder().setChromeOptions(options.setPageLoadStrategy('normal')).build();awaitdriver.get('https://www.google.com');
importorg.openqa.selenium.PageLoadStrategy;importorg.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;importorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;importorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;publicclasspageLoadStrategy{publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args){ChromeOptionschromeOptions=newChromeOptions();chromeOptions.setPageLoadStrategy(PageLoadStrategy.EAGER);WebDriverdriver=newChromeDriver(chromeOptions);try{// Navigate to Url
driver.get("https://google.com");}finally{driver.quit();}}}
importorg.openqa.selenium.PageLoadStrategy;importorg.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;importorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;importorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;publicclasspageLoadStrategy{publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args){ChromeOptionschromeOptions=newChromeOptions();chromeOptions.setPageLoadStrategy(PageLoadStrategy.NONE);WebDriverdriver=newChromeDriver(chromeOptions);try{// Navigate to Url
driver.get("https://google.com");}finally{driver.quit();}}}
fromseleniumimportwebdriverPROXY="<HOST:PORT>"webdriver.DesiredCapabilities.FIREFOX['proxy']={"httpProxy":PROXY,"ftpProxy":PROXY,"sslProxy":PROXY,"proxyType":"MANUAL",}withwebdriver.Firefox()asdriver:# Open URLdriver.get("https://selenium.dev")
# this code was written with Selenium 4proxy=Selenium::WebDriver::Proxy.new(http:'<HOST:PORT>')cap=Selenium::WebDriver::Remote::Capabilities.chrome(proxy:proxy)driver=Selenium::WebDriver.for(:chrome,capabilities:cap)driver.get('http://google.com')
const{Builder}=require("selenium-webdriver");constfirefox=require('selenium-webdriver/firefox');constoptions=newfirefox.Options();letprofile='/path to custom profile';options.setProfile(profile);constdriver=newBuilder().forBrowser('firefox').setFirefoxOptions(options).build();
These are capabilities and features specific to Microsoft Internet Explorer browsers.
As of June 2022, Selenium officially no longer supports standalone Internet Explorer.
The Internet Explorer driver still supports running Microsoft Edge in “IE Compatibility Mode.”
Special considerations
The IE Driver is the only driver maintained by the Selenium Project directly.
While binaries for both the 32-bit and 64-bit
versions of Internet Explorer are available, there are some
known limitations
with the 64-bit driver. As such it is recommended to use the 32-bit driver.
Additional information about using Internet Explorer can be found on the
IE Driver Server page
Options
Starting a Microsoft Edge browser in Internet Explorer Compatibility mode with basic defined options looks like this:
If IE is not present on the system (default in Windows 11), you do not need to
use the two parameters above. IE Driver will use Edge and will automatically locate it.
If IE and Edge are both present on the system, you only need to set attaching to Edge,
IE Driver will automatically locate Edge on your system.
As of Internet Explorer Driver v4.7.0:
No longer need to set Ignore Zoom Level for Edge in IE Mode
Here are a few common use cases with different capabilities:
<p><ahref=https://github.com/SeleniumHQ/seleniumhq.github.io/tree/trunk/examples><spanclass="selenium-badge-code"data-toggle="tooltip"data-placement="right"title="Code examples are added to the projects in examples directory of repo; see about section for contribution and style guids">AddExample</span></a></p>
These are capabilities and features specific to Apple Safari browsers.
Unlike Chromium and Firefox drivers, the safaridriver is installed with the Operating System.
To enable automation on Safari, run the following command from the terminal:
safaridriver --enable
Options
Capabilities common to all browsers are described on the Options page.
経験から、SeleniumとWebDriverの使用から生じる断続的なもののほとんどは、ブラウザーとユーザーの指示の間で発生する 競合状態 に関連しています。
たとえば、ユーザーがブラウザーにページに移動するように指示し、要素を見つけようとすると、no such element エラーが表示される場合があります。
次のドキュメントを考えてみましょう。
<!doctype html><metacharset=utf-8><title>Race Condition Example</title><script>varinitialised=false;window.addEventListener("load",function(){varnewElement=document.createElement("p");newElement.textContent="Hello from JavaScript!";document.body.appendChild(newElement);initialised=true;});</script>
driver.get("file:///race_condition.html");WebElementelement=driver.findElement(By.tagName("p"));assertEquals(element.getText(),"Hello from JavaScript!");
driver.navigate("file:///race_condition.html")el=driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME,"p")assertel.text=="Hello from JavaScript!"
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("file:///race_condition.html");IWebElementelement=driver.FindElement(By.TagName("p"));assertEquals(element.Text,"Hello from JavaScript!");
require'selenium-webdriver'driver=Selenium::WebDriver.for:firefoxbegin# Navigate to URLdriver.get'file:///race_condition.html'# Get and store Paragraph Textsearch_form=driver.find_element(:css,'p').text"Hello from JavaScript!".eql?search_formensuredriver.quitend
awaitdriver.get('file:///race_condition.html');constelement=driver.findElement(By.css('p'));assert.strictEqual(awaitelement.getText(),'Hello from JavaScript!');
driver.get("file:///race_condition.html")valelement=driver.findElement(By.tagName("p"))assert(element.text=="Hello from JavaScript!")
WebDriverdriver=newChromeDriver();driver.get("https://google.com/ncr");driver.findElement(By.name("q")).sendKeys("cheese"+Keys.ENTER);// Initialize and wait till element(link) became clickable - timeout in 10 seconds
WebElementfirstResult=newWebDriverWait(driver,Duration.ofSeconds(10)).until(ExpectedConditions.elementToBeClickable(By.xpath("//a/h3")));// Print the first result
System.out.println(firstResult.getText());
fromselenium.webdriver.support.waitimportWebDriverWaitdefdocument_initialised(driver):returndriver.execute_script("return initialised")driver.navigate("file:///race_condition.html")WebDriverWait(driver,timeout=10).until(document_initialised)el=driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME,"p")assertel.text=="Hello from JavaScript!"
require'selenium-webdriver'driver=Selenium::WebDriver.for:firefoxwait=Selenium::WebDriver::Wait.new(:timeout=>10)defdocument_initialised(driver)driver.execute_script('return initialised')endbegindriver.get'file:///race_condition.html'wait.until{document_initialiseddriver}search_form=driver.find_element(:css,'p').text"Hello from JavaScript!".eql?search_formensuredriver.quitend
constdocumentInitialised=()=>driver.executeScript('return initialised');awaitdriver.get('file:///race_condition.html');awaitdriver.wait(()=>documentInitialised(),10000);constelement=driver.findElement(By.css('p'));assert.strictEqual(awaitelement.getText(),'Hello from JavaScript!');
driver.get("https://google.com/ncr")driver.findElement(By.name("q")).sendKeys("cheese"+Keys.ENTER)// Initialize and wait till element(link) became clickable - timeout in 10 seconds
valfirstResult=WebDriverWait(driver,Duration.ofSeconds(10)).until(ExpectedConditions.elementToBeClickable(By.xpath("//a/h3")))// Print the first result
println(firstResult.text)
WebElementfoo=newWebDriverWait(driver,Duration.ofSeconds(3)).until(driver->driver.findElement(By.name("q")));assertEquals(foo.getText(),"Hello from JavaScript!");
fromselenium.webdriver.support.waitimportWebDriverWaitdriver.navigate("file:///race_condition.html")el=WebDriverWait(driver,timeout=3).until(lambdad:d.find_element(By.TAG_NAME,"p"))assertel.text=="Hello from JavaScript!"
using(vardriver=newFirefoxDriver()){varfoo=newWebDriverWait(driver,TimeSpan.FromSeconds(3)).Until(drv=>drv.FindElement(By.Name("q")));Debug.Assert(foo.Text.Equals("Hello from JavaScript!"));}
driver.get'file:///race_condition.html'wait=Selenium::WebDriver::Wait.new(:timeout=>10)ele=wait.until{driver.find_element(css:'p')}foo=ele.textassert_matchfoo,'Hello from JavaScript'
letele=awaitdriver.wait(until.elementLocated(By.css('p')),10000);letfoo=awaitele.getText();assert(foo=="Hello from JavaScript");
driver.get("file:///race_condition.html")valele=WebDriverWait(driver,Duration.ofSeconds(10)).until(ExpectedConditions.presenceOfElementLocated(By.tagName("p")))assert(ele.text=="Hello from JavaScript!")
// Waiting 30 seconds for an element to be present on the page, checking
// for its presence once every 5 seconds.
Wait<WebDriver>wait=newFluentWait<WebDriver>(driver).withTimeout(Duration.ofSeconds(30)).pollingEvery(Duration.ofSeconds(5)).ignoring(NoSuchElementException.class);WebElementfoo=wait.until(driver->{returndriver.findElement(By.id("foo"));});
require'selenium-webdriver'driver=Selenium::WebDriver.for:firefoxexception=Selenium::WebDriver::Error::NoSuchElementErrorbegindriver.get'http://somedomain/url_that_delays_loading'wait=Selenium::WebDriver::Wait.new(timeout:30,interval:5,message:'Timed out after 30 sec',ignore:exception)foo=wait.until{driver.find_element(id:'foo')}ensuredriver.quitend
const{Builder,until}=require('selenium-webdriver');(asyncfunctionexample(){letdriver=awaitnewBuilder().forBrowser('firefox').build();awaitdriver.get('http://somedomain/url_that_delays_loading');// Waiting 30 seconds for an element to be present on the page, checking
// for its presence once every 5 seconds.
letfoo=awaitdriver.wait(until.elementLocated(By.id('foo')),30000,'Timed out after 30 seconds',5000);})();
The file upload dialog could be handled using Selenium,
when the input element is of type file.
An example of it, could be found on this
web page- https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/upload
We will require to have a file available with us,
which we need to upload.
The code to upload the file for different programming
languages will be as follows -
importjava.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;importorg.openqa.selenium.By;importorg.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;importorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;classfileUploadDoc{publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args){WebDriverdriver=newChromeDriver();driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(10,TimeUnit.SECONDS);driver.get("https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/upload");//we want to import selenium-snapshot file.
driver.findElement(By.id("file-upload")).sendKeys("selenium-snapshot.jpg");driver.findElement(By.id("file-submit")).submit();if(driver.getPageSource().contains("File Uploaded!")){System.out.println("file uploaded");}else{System.out.println("file not uploaded");}driver.quit();}}
fromseleniumimportwebdriverdriver.implicitly_wait(10)driver.get("https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/upload");driver.find_element(By.ID,"file-upload").send_keys("selenium-snapshot.jpg")driver.find_element(By.ID,"file-submit").submit()if(driver.page_source.find("File Uploaded!")):print("file upload success")else:print("file upload not successful")driver.quit()
usingSystem;usingOpenQA.Selenium;usingOpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;namespaceSeleniumDocumentation.SeleniumPRs{classFileUploadExample{staticvoidMain(String[]args){IWebDriverdriver=newChromeDriver();try{// Navigate to Urldriver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/upload");driver.FindElement(By.Id("file-upload")).SendKeys("selenium-snapshot.jpg");driver.FindElement(By.Id("file-submit")).Submit();if(driver.PageSource.Contains("File Uploaded!")){Console.WriteLine("file uploaded");}else{Console.WriteLine("file not uploaded");}driver.Quit();}}}
require'selenium-webdriver'driver=Selenium::WebDriver.for:chromedriver.get("https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/upload")driver.find_element(:id,"file-upload").send_keys("selenium-snapshot.jpg")driver.find_element(:id,"file-submit").submit()ifdriver.page_source().include?"File Uploaded!"puts"file upload success"elseputs"file upload not successful"end
import{Builder,By}from"selenium-webdriver"letdriver=awaitnewBuilder().forBrowser('chrome').build()awaitdriver.get("https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/upload");awaitdriver.findElement(By.id("file-upload")).sendKeys("selenium-snapshot.jpg")awaitdriver.findElement(By.id("file-submit")).submit()driver.getPageSource().then(result=>{if(result.indexOf("File Uploaded!")){console.log("file upload success")}else{console.log("file upload not successful")}})
importorg.openqa.selenium.Byimportorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriverfunmain(){valdriver=ChromeDriver()driver.get("https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/upload")driver.findElement(By.id("file-upload")).sendKeys("selenium-snapshot.jpg")driver.findElement(By.id("file-submit")).submit()if(driver.pageSource.contains("File Uploaded!")){println("file uploaded")}else{println("file not uploaded")}}
So the above example code helps to understand
how we can upload a file using Selenium.
To work on a web element using Selenium, we need to first locate it on the web page.
Selenium provides us above mentioned ways, using which we can locate element on the
page. To understand and create locator we will use the following HTML snippet.
<html><body><style>.information{background-color:white;color:black;padding:10px;}</style><h2>Contact Selenium</h2><formaction="/action_page.php"><inputtype="radio"name="gender"value="m"/>Male <inputtype="radio"name="gender"value="f"/>Female <br><br><labelfor="fname">First name:</label><br><inputclass="information"type="text"id="fname"name="fname"value="Jane"><br><br><labelfor="lname">Last name:</label><br><inputclass="information"type="text"id="lname"name="lname"value="Doe"><br><br><labelfor="newsletter">Newsletter:</label><inputtype="checkbox"name="newsletter"value="1"/><br><br><inputtype="submit"value="Submit"></form><p>To know more about Selenium, visit the official page
<ahref ="www.selenium.dev">Selenium Official Page</a></p></body></html>
class name
The HTML page web element can have attribute class. We can see an example in the
above shown HTML snippet. We can identify these elements using the class name locator
available in Selenium.
CSS is the language used to style HTML pages. We can use css selector locator strategy
to identify the element on the page. If the element has an id, we create the locator
as css = #id. Otherwise the format we follow is css =[attribute=value] .
Let us see an example from above HTML snippet. We will create locator for First Name
textbox, using css.
We can use the ID attribute available with element in a web page to locate it.
Generally the ID property should be unique for a element on the web page.
We will identify the Last Name field using it.
We can use the NAME attribute available with element in a web page to locate it.
Generally the NAME property should be unique for a element on the web page.
We will identify the Newsletter checkbox using it.
If the element we want to locate is a link, we can use the link text locator
to identify it on the web page. The link text is the text displayed of the link.
In the HTML snippet shared, we have a link available, lets see how will we locate it.
WebDriverdriver=newChromeDriver();driver.findElement(By.linkText("Selenium Official Page"));
driver=webdriver.Chrome()driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT,"Selenium Official Page")
vardriver=newChromeDriver();driver.FindElement(By.LinkText("Selenium Official Page"));
driver=Selenium::WebDriver.for:chromedriver.find_element(link_text:'Selenium Official Page')
letdriver=awaitnewBuilder().forBrowser('chrome').build();constloc=awaitdriver.findElement(By.linkText('Selenium Official Page'));
valdriver=ChromeDriver()valloc:WebElement=driver.findElement(By.linkText("Selenium Official Page"))
partial link text
If the element we want to locate is a link, we can use the partial link text locator
to identify it on the web page. The link text is the text displayed of the link.
We can pass partial text as value.
In the HTML snippet shared, we have a link available, lets see how will we locate it.
We can use the HTML TAG itself as a locator to identify the web element on the page.
From the above HTML snippet shared, lets identify the link, using its html tag “a”.
A HTML document can be considered as a XML document, and then we can use xpath
which will be the path traversed to reach the element of interest to locate the element.
The XPath could be absolute xpath, which is created from the root of the document.
Example - /html/form/input[1]. This will return the male radio button.
Or the xpath could be relative. Example- //input[@name=‘fname’]. This will return the
first name text box. Let us create locator for female radio button using xpath.
Selenium 4 introduces Relative Locators (previously
called as Friendly Locators). These locators are helpful when it is not easy to construct a locator for
the desired element, but easy to describe spatially where the element is in relation to an element that does have
an easily constructed locator.
How it works
Selenium uses the JavaScript function
getBoundingClientRect()
to determine the size and position of elements on the page, and can use this information to locate neighboring elements.
find the relative elements.
Relative locator methods can take as the argument for the point of origin, either a previously located element reference,
or another locator. In these examples we’ll be using locators only, but you could swap the locator in the final method with
an element object and it will work the same.
Let us consider the below example for understanding the relative locators.
Available relative locators
Above
If the email text field element is not easily identifiable for some reason, but the password text field element is,
we can locate the text field element using the fact that it is an “input” element “above” the password element.
If the password text field element is not easily identifiable for some reason, but the email text field element is,
we can locate the text field element using the fact that it is an “input” element “below” the email element.
If the cancel button is not easily identifiable for some reason, but the submit button element is,
we can locate the cancel button element using the fact that it is a “button” element to the “left of” the submit element.
If the submit button is not easily identifiable for some reason, but the cancel button element is,
we can locate the submit button element using the fact that it is a “button” element “to the right of” the cancel element.
If the relative positioning is not obvious, or it varies based on window size, you can use the near method to
identify an element that is at most 50px away from the provided locator.
One great use case for this is to work with a form element that doesn’t have an easily constructed locator,
but its associated input label element does.
You can also chain locators if needed. Sometimes the element is most easily identified as being both above/below one element and right/left of another.
These methods are designed to closely emulate a user’s experience, so,
unlike the Actions API, it attempts to perform two things
before attempting the specified action.
If it determines the element is outside the viewport, it
scrolls the element into view, specifically
it will align the bottom of the element with the bottom of the viewport.
It ensures the element is interactable
before taking the action. This could mean that the scrolling was unsuccessful, or that the
element is not otherwise displayed. Determining if an element is displayed on a page was too difficult to
define directly in the webdriver specification,
so Selenium sends an execute command with a JavaScript atom that checks for things that would keep
the element from being displayed. If it determines an element is not in the viewport, not displayed, not
keyboard-interactable, or not
pointer-interactable,
it returns an element not interactable error.
The element send keys command
types the provided keys into an editable element.
Typically, this means an element is an input element of a form with a text type or an element
with a content-editable attribute. If it is not editable,
an invalid element state error is returned.
Here is the list of
possible keystrokes that WebDriver Supports.
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.Keys;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;
public class HelloSelenium {
public static void main(String[] args) {
WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
try {
// Navigate to Url
driver.get("https://google.com");
// Enter text "q" and perform keyboard action "Enter"
driver.findElement(By.name("q")).sendKeys("q" + Keys.ENTER);
} finally {
driver.quit();
}
}
}
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys
driver = webdriver.Firefox()
# Navigate to url
driver.get("http://www.google.com")
# Enter "webdriver" text and perform "ENTER" keyboard action
driver.find_element(By.NAME, "q").send_keys("webdriver" + Keys.ENTER)
using (var driver = new FirefoxDriver())
{
// Navigate to Url
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://google.com");
// Enter "webdriver" text and perform "ENTER" keyboard action
driver.FindElement(By.Name("q")).SendKeys("webdriver" + Keys.Enter);
}
require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :firefox
begin
# Navigate to URL
driver.get 'https://google.com'
# Enter "webdriver" text and perform "ENTER" keyboard action
driver.find_element(name: 'q').send_keys 'webdriver', :return
ensure
driver.quit
end
const {Builder, By, Key} = require('selenium-webdriver');
(async function example() {
let driver = await new Builder().forBrowser('firefox').build();
try {
// Navigate to Url
await driver.get('https://www.google.com');
// Enter text "webdriver" and perform keyboard action "Enter"
await driver.findElement(By.name('q')).sendKeys('webdriver', Key.ENTER);
}
finally {
await driver.quit();
}
})();
import org.openqa.selenium.By
import org.openqa.selenium.Keys
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver
fun main() {
val driver = FirefoxDriver()
try {
// Navigate to Url
driver.get("https://google.com")
// Enter text "q" and perform keyboard action "Enter"
driver.findElement(By.name("q")).sendKeys("q" + Keys.ENTER)
} finally {
driver.quit()
}
}
Clear
The element clear command resets the content of an element.
This requires an element to be editable,
and resettable. Typically,
this means an element is an input element of a form with a text type or an element
with acontent-editable attribute. If these conditions are not met,
an invalid element state error is returned.
importorg.openqa.selenium.By;importorg.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;importorg.openqa.selenium.WebElement;importorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;publicclassclear{publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args){WebDriverdriver=newChromeDriver();try{// Navigate to Url
driver.get("https://www.google.com");// Store 'SearchInput' element
WebElementsearchInput=driver.findElement(By.name("q"));searchInput.sendKeys("selenium");// Clears the entered text
searchInput.clear();}finally{driver.quit();}}}
fromseleniumimportwebdriverfromselenium.webdriver.common.byimportBydriver=webdriver.Chrome()# Navigate to urldriver.get("http://www.google.com")# Store 'SearchInput' elementSearchInput=driver.find_element(By.NAME,"q")SearchInput.send_keys("selenium")# Clears the entered textSearchInput.clear()
usingOpenQA.Selenium;usingOpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;usingSystem;namespaceSnipetProjectDelete{classProgram{staticvoidMain(string[]args){IWebDriverdriver=newChromeDriver();try{// Navigate to Urldriver.Navigate().GoToUrl(@"https://www.google.com");// Store 'SearchInput' elementIWebElementsearchInput=driver.FindElement(By.Name("q"));searchInput.SendKeys("selenium");// Clears the entered textsearchInput.Clear();}finally{driver.Quit();}}}}
require'selenium-webdriver'driver=Selenium::WebDriver.for:chromebegin# Navigate to URLdriver.get'https://google.com'# store 'search_input' elementsearch_input=driver.find_element(name:'q')search_input.send_keys('selenium')# Clears the entered textsearch_input.clearensuredriver.quitend
importorg.openqa.selenium.Byimportorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriverfunmain(){valdriver=ChromeDriver()try{// Navigate to Url
driver.get("https://www.google.com")// Store 'searchInput' element
valsearchInput=driver.findElement(By.name("q"))searchInput.sendKeys("selenium")// Clears the entered text
searchInput.clear()}finally{driver.quit()}}
Submit
In Selenium 4 this is no longer implemented with a separate endpoint and functions by executing a script. As
such, it is recommended not to use this method and to click the applicable form submission button instead.
<olid="vegetables"><liclass="potatoes">…
<liclass="onions">…
<liclass="tomatoes"><span>Tomato is a Vegetable</span>…
</ol><ulid="fruits"><liclass="bananas">…
<liclass="apples">…
<liclass="tomatoes"><span>Tomato is a Fruit</span>…
</ul>
fromseleniumimportwebdriverfromselenium.webdriver.common.byimportBydriver=webdriver.Firefox()# Navigate to Urldriver.get("https://www.example.com")# Get all the elements available with tag name 'p'elements=driver.find_elements(By.TAG_NAME,'p')foreinelements:print(e.text)
usingOpenQA.Selenium;usingOpenQA.Selenium.Firefox;usingSystem.Collections.Generic;namespaceFindElementsExample{classFindElementsExample{publicstaticvoidMain(string[]args){IWebDriverdriver=newFirefoxDriver();try{// Navigate to Urldriver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://example.com");// Get all the elements available with tag name 'p'IList<IWebElement>elements=driver.FindElements(By.TagName("p"));foreach(IWebElementeinelements){System.Console.WriteLine(e.Text);}}finally{driver.Quit();}}}}
require'selenium-webdriver'driver=Selenium::WebDriver.for:firefoxbegin# Navigate to URLdriver.get'https://www.example.com'# Get all the elements available with tag name 'p'elements=driver.find_elements(:tag_name,'p')elements.each{|e|putse.text}ensuredriver.quitend
const{Builder,By}=require('selenium-webdriver');(asyncfunctionexample(){letdriver=awaitnewBuilder().forBrowser('firefox').build();try{// Navigate to Url
awaitdriver.get('https://www.example.com');// Get all the elements available with tag 'p'
letelements=awaitdriver.findElements(By.css('p'));for(leteofelements){console.log(awaite.getText());}}finally{awaitdriver.quit();}})();
importorg.openqa.selenium.Byimportorg.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriverfunmain(){valdriver=FirefoxDriver()try{driver.get("https://example.com")// Get all the elements available with tag name 'p'
valelements=driver.findElements(By.tagName("p"))for(elementinelements){println("Paragraph text:"+element.text)}}finally{driver.quit()}}
importorg.openqa.selenium.By;importorg.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;importorg.openqa.selenium.WebElement;importorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;importjava.util.List;publicclassfindElementsFromElement{publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args){WebDriverdriver=newChromeDriver();try{driver.get("https://example.com");// Get element with tag name 'div'
WebElementelement=driver.findElement(By.tagName("div"));// Get all the elements available with tag name 'p'
List<WebElement>elements=element.findElements(By.tagName("p"));for(WebElemente:elements){System.out.println(e.getText());}}finally{driver.quit();}}}
fromseleniumimportwebdriverfromselenium.webdriver.common.byimportBydriver=webdriver.Chrome()driver.get("https://www.example.com")# Get element with tag name 'div'element=driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME,'div')# Get all the elements available with tag name 'p'elements=element.find_elements(By.TAG_NAME,'p')foreinelements:print(e.text)
usingOpenQA.Selenium;usingOpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;usingSystem.Collections.Generic;namespaceFindElementsFromElement{classFindElementsFromElement{publicstaticvoidMain(string[]args){IWebDriverdriver=newChromeDriver();try{driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://example.com");// Get element with tag name 'div'IWebElementelement=driver.FindElement(By.TagName("div"));// Get all the elements available with tag name 'p'IList<IWebElement>elements=element.FindElements(By.TagName("p"));foreach(IWebElementeinelements){System.Console.WriteLine(e.Text);}}finally{driver.Quit();}}}}
require'selenium-webdriver'driver=Selenium::WebDriver.for:chromebegin# Navigate to URLdriver.get'https://www.example.com'# Get element with tag name 'div'element=driver.find_element(:tag_name,'div')# Get all the elements available with tag name 'p'elements=element.find_elements(:tag_name,'p')elements.each{|e|putse.text}ensuredriver.quitend
const{Builder,By}=require('selenium-webdriver');(asyncfunctionexample(){letdriver=newBuilder().forBrowser('chrome').build();awaitdriver.get('https://www.example.com');// Get element with tag name 'div'
letelement=driver.findElement(By.css("div"));// Get all the elements available with tag name 'p'
letelements=awaitelement.findElements(By.css("p"));for(leteofelements){console.log(awaite.getText());}})();
importorg.openqa.selenium.Byimportorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriverfunmain(){valdriver=ChromeDriver()try{driver.get("https://example.com")// Get element with tag name 'div'
valelement=driver.findElement(By.tagName("div"))// Get all the elements available with tag name 'p'
valelements=element.findElements(By.tagName("p"))for(einelements){println(e.text)}}finally{driver.quit()}}
importorg.openqa.selenium.*;importorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;publicclassactiveElementTest{publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args){WebDriverdriver=newChromeDriver();try{driver.get("http://www.google.com");driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("[name='q']")).sendKeys("webElement");// Get attribute of current active element
Stringattr=driver.switchTo().activeElement().getAttribute("title");System.out.println(attr);}finally{driver.quit();}}}
fromseleniumimportwebdriverfromselenium.webdriver.common.byimportBydriver=webdriver.Chrome()driver.get("https://www.google.com")driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR,'[name="q"]').send_keys("webElement")# Get attribute of current active elementattr=driver.switch_to.active_element.get_attribute("title")print(attr)
usingOpenQA.Selenium;usingOpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;namespaceActiveElement{classActiveElement{publicstaticvoidMain(string[]args){IWebDriverdriver=newChromeDriver();try{// Navigate to Urldriver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://www.google.com");driver.FindElement(By.CssSelector("[name='q']")).SendKeys("webElement");// Get attribute of current active elementstringattr=driver.SwitchTo().ActiveElement().GetAttribute("title");System.Console.WriteLine(attr);}finally{driver.Quit();}}}}
require'selenium-webdriver'driver=Selenium::WebDriver.for:chromebegindriver.get'https://www.google.com'driver.find_element(css:'[name="q"]').send_keys('webElement')# Get attribute of current active elementattr=driver.switch_to.active_element.attribute('title')putsattrensuredriver.quitend
const{Builder,By}=require('selenium-webdriver');(asyncfunctionexample(){letdriver=awaitnewBuilder().forBrowser('chrome').build();awaitdriver.get('https://www.google.com');awaitdriver.findElement(By.css('[name="q"]')).sendKeys("webElement");// Get attribute of current active element
letattr=awaitdriver.switchTo().activeElement().getAttribute("title");console.log(`${attr}`)})();
importorg.openqa.selenium.Byimportorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriverfunmain(){valdriver=ChromeDriver()try{driver.get("https://www.google.com")driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("[name='q']")).sendKeys("webElement")// Get attribute of current active element
valattr=driver.switchTo().activeElement().getAttribute("title")print(attr)}finally{driver.quit()}}
2.5.5 - Web要素に関する情報
要素について学ぶことができること。
特定の要素についてクエリできる詳細情報がいくつかあります。
表示されているかどうか
This method is used to check if the connected Element is
displayed on a webpage. Returns a Boolean value,
True if the connected element is displayed in the current
browsing context else returns false.
This functionality is mentioned in, but not defined by
the w3c specification due to the
impossibility of covering all potential conditions.
As such, Selenium cannot expect drivers to implement
this functionality directly, and now relies on
executing a large JavaScript function directly.
This function makes many approximations about an element’s
nature and relationship in the tree to return a value.
// Navigate to the url
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html");// Get boolean value for is element display
booleanisEmailVisible=driver.findElement(By.name("email_input")).isDisplayed();
# Navigate to the urldriver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html")# Get boolean value for is element displayis_email_visible=driver.find_element(By.NAME,"email_input").is_displayed()
//Navigate to the urldriver.Url="https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html";//Get boolean value for is element displayBooleanis_email_visible=driver.FindElement(By.Name("email_input")).Displayed;
# Navigate to the urldriver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html");#fetch display statusval=driver.find_element(name:'email_input').displayed?
// Navigate to url
awaitdriver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html");// Resolves Promise and returns boolean value
letresult=awaitdriver.findElement(By.name("email_input")).isDisplayed();
//navigates to url
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html")//returns true if element is displayed else returns false
valflag=driver.findElement(By.name("email_input")).isDisplayed()
Coding Help
Note:
This section could use some updated code examples
//navigates to url
driver.get("https://www.google.com/");//returns true if element is enabled else returns false
booleanvalue=driver.findElement(By.name("btnK")).isEnabled();
# Navigate to urldriver.get("http://www.google.com")# Returns true if element is enabled else returns falsevalue=driver.find_element(By.NAME,'btnK').is_enabled()
// Navigate to Urldriver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://google.com");// Store the WebElementIWebElementelement=driver.FindElement(By.Name("btnK"));// Prints true if element is enabled else returns falseSystem.Console.WriteLine(element.Enabled);
# Navigate to urldriver.get'http://www.google.com/'# Returns true if element is enabled else returns falseele=driver.find_element(name:'btnK').enabled?
// Navigate to url
awaitdriver.get('https://www.google.com');// Resolves Promise and returns boolean value
letelement=awaitdriver.findElement(By.name("btnK")).isEnabled();
//navigates to url
driver.get("https://www.google.com/")//returns true if element is enabled else returns false
valattr=driver.findElement(By.name("btnK")).isEnabled()
//navigates to url
driver.get("https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/checkboxes");//returns true if element is checked else returns false
booleanvalue=driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("input[type='checkbox']:first-of-type")).isSelected();
# Navigate to urldriver.get("https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/checkboxes")# Returns true if element is checked else returns falsevalue=driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR,"input[type='checkbox']:first-of-type").is_selected()
// Navigate to Urldriver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/checkboxes");// Returns true if element ins checked else returns falseboolvalue=driver.FindElement(By.CssSelector("input[type='checkbox']:last-of-type")).Selected;
# Navigate to urldriver.get'https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/checkboxes'# Returns true if element is checked else returns falseele=driver.find_element(css:"input[type='checkbox']:last-of-type").selected?
// Navigate to url
awaitdriver.get('https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/checkboxes');// Returns true if element ins checked else returns false
letres=awaitdriver.findElement(By.css("input[type='checkbox']:last-of-type")).isSelected();
//navigates to url
driver.get("https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/checkboxes")//returns true if element is checked else returns false
valattr=driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("input[type='checkbox']:first-of-type")).isSelected()
//navigates to url
driver.get("https://www.example.com");//returns TagName of the element
Stringvalue=driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("h1")).getTagName();
# Navigate to urldriver.get("https://www.example.com")# Returns TagName of the elementattr=driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR,"h1").tag_name
// Navigate to Urldriver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://www.example.com");// Returns TagName of the elementstringattr=driver.FindElement(By.CssSelector("h1")).TagName;
# Navigate to urldriver.get'https://www.example.com'# Returns TagName of the elementattr=driver.find_element(css:"h1").tag_name
// Navigate to URL
awaitdriver.get('https://www.example.com');// Returns TagName of the element
letvalue=awaitdriver.findElement(By.css('h1')).getTagName();
//navigates to url
driver.get("https://www.example.com")//returns TagName of the element
valattr=driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("h1")).getTagName()
// Navigate to url
driver.get("https://www.example.com");// Returns height, width, x and y coordinates referenced element
Rectangleres=driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("h1")).getRect();// Rectangle class provides getX,getY, getWidth, getHeight methods
System.out.println(res.getX());
# Navigate to urldriver.get("https://www.example.com")# Returns height, width, x and y coordinates referenced elementres=driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR,"h1").rect
// Navigate to Urldriver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://example.com");varres=driver.FindElement(By.CssSelector("h1"));// Return x and y coordinates referenced elementSystem.Console.WriteLine(res.Location);// Returns height, widthSystem.Console.WriteLine(res.Size);
# Navigate to urldriver.get'https://www.example.com'# Returns height, width, x and y coordinates referenced elementres=driver.find_element(css:"h1").rect
// Navigate to url
awaitdriver.get('https://www.example.com');// Returns height, width, x and y coordinates referenced element
letelement=awaitdriver.findElement(By.css("h1")).getRect();
// Navigate to url
driver.get("https://www.example.com")// Returns height, width, x and y coordinates referenced element
valres=driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("h1")).rect// Rectangle class provides getX,getY, getWidth, getHeight methods
println(res.getX())
// Navigate to Url
driver.get("https://www.example.com");// Retrieves the computed style property 'color' of linktext
StringcssValue=driver.findElement(By.linkText("More information...")).getCssValue("color");
# Navigate to Urldriver.get('https://www.example.com')# Retrieves the computed style property 'color' of linktextcssValue=driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT,"More information...").value_of_css_property('color')
// Navigate to Urldriver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://www.example.com");// Retrieves the computed style property 'color' of linktextStringcssValue=driver.FindElement(By.LinkText("More information...")).GetCssValue("color");
# Navigate to Urldriver.get'https://www.example.com'# Retrieves the computed style property 'color' of linktextcssValue=driver.find_element(:link_text,'More information...').css_value('color')
// Navigate to Url
awaitdriver.get('https://www.example.com');// Retrieves the computed style property 'color' of linktext
letcssValue=awaitdriver.findElement(By.linkText("More information...")).getCssValue('color');
// Navigate to Url
driver.get("https://www.example.com")// Retrieves the computed style property 'color' of linktext
valcssValue=driver.findElement(By.linkText("More information...")).getCssValue("color")
// Navigate to url
driver.get("https://example.com");// Retrieves the text of the element
Stringtext=driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("h1")).getText();
# Navigate to urldriver.get("https://www.example.com")# Retrieves the text of the elementtext=driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR,"h1").text
// Navigate to urldriver.Url="https://example.com";// Retrieves the text of the elementStringtext=driver.FindElement(By.CssSelector("h1")).Text;
# Navigate to urldriver.get'https://www.example.com'# Retrieves the text of the elementtext=driver.find_element(:css,'h1').text
// Navigate to URL
awaitdriver.get('http://www.example.com');// retrieves the text of the element
lettext=awaitdriver.findElement(By.css('h1')).getText();
// Navigate to URL
driver.get("https://www.example.com")// retrieves the text of the element
valtext=driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("h1")).getText()
Fetching Attributes or Properties
Fetches the run time value associated with a
DOM attribute. It returns the data associated
with the DOM attribute or property of the element.
//Navigate to the url
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html");//identify the email text box
WebElementemailTxt=driver.findElement(By.name(("email_input")));//fetch the value property associated with the textbox
StringvalueInfo=eleSelLink.getAttribute("value");
# Navigate to the urldriver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html")# Identify the email text boxemail_txt=driver.find_element(By.NAME,"email_input")# Fetch the value property associated with the textboxvalue_info=email_txt.get_attribute("value")
//Navigate to the urldriver.Url="https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html";//identify the email text boxIWebElementemailTxt=driver.FindElement(By.Name(("email_input")));//fetch the value property associated with the textboxStringvalueInfo=eleSelLink.GetAttribute("value");
# Navigate to the urldriver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html");#identify the email text boxemail_element=driver.find_element(name:'email_input')#fetch the value property associated with the textboxemailVal=email_element.attribute("value");
// Navigate to the Url
awaitdriver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html");// identify the email text box
constemailElement=awaitdriver.findElements(By.xpath('//input[@name="email_input"]'));//fetch the attribute "name" associated with the textbox
constnameAttribute=awaitemailElement.getAttribute("name");
// Navigate to URL
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html")//fetch the value property associated with the textbox
valattr=driver.findElement(By.name("email_input")).getAttribute("value")
//Click the link to activate the alert
driver.findElement(By.linkText("See an example alert")).click();//Wait for the alert to be displayed and store it in a variable
Alertalert=wait.until(ExpectedConditions.alertIsPresent());//Store the alert text in a variable
Stringtext=alert.getText();//Press the OK button
alert.accept();
# Click the link to activate the alertdriver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT,"See an example alert").click()# Wait for the alert to be displayed and store it in a variablealert=wait.until(expected_conditions.alert_is_present())# Store the alert text in a variabletext=alert.text# Press the OK buttonalert.accept()
//Click the link to activate the alertdriver.FindElement(By.LinkText("See an example alert")).Click();//Wait for the alert to be displayed and store it in a variableIAlertalert=wait.Until(ExpectedConditions.AlertIsPresent());//Store the alert text in a variablestringtext=alert.Text;//Press the OK buttonalert.Accept();
# Click the link to activate the alertdriver.find_element(:link_text,'See an example alert').click# Store the alert reference in a variablealert=driver.switch_to.alert# Store the alert text in a variablealert_text=alert.text# Press on OK buttonalert.accept
//Click the link to activate the alert
awaitdriver.findElement(By.linkText('See an example alert')).click();// Wait for the alert to be displayed
awaitdriver.wait(until.alertIsPresent());// Store the alert in a variable
letalert=awaitdriver.switchTo().alert();//Store the alert text in a variable
letalertText=awaitalert.getText();//Press the OK button
awaitalert.accept();// Note: To use await, the above code should be inside an async function
//Click the link to activate the alert
driver.findElement(By.linkText("See an example alert")).click()//Wait for the alert to be displayed and store it in a variable
valalert=wait.until(ExpectedConditions.alertIsPresent())//Store the alert text in a variable
valtext=alert.getText()//Press the OK button
alert.accept()
//Click the link to activate the alert
driver.findElement(By.linkText("See a sample confirm")).click();//Wait for the alert to be displayed
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.alertIsPresent());//Store the alert in a variable
Alertalert=driver.switchTo().alert();//Store the alert in a variable for reuse
Stringtext=alert.getText();//Press the Cancel button
alert.dismiss();
# Click the link to activate the alertdriver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT,"See a sample confirm").click()# Wait for the alert to be displayedwait.until(expected_conditions.alert_is_present())# Store the alert in a variable for reusealert=driver.switch_to.alert# Store the alert text in a variabletext=alert.text# Press the Cancel buttonalert.dismiss()
//Click the link to activate the alertdriver.FindElement(By.LinkText("See a sample confirm")).Click();//Wait for the alert to be displayedwait.Until(ExpectedConditions.AlertIsPresent());//Store the alert in a variableIAlertalert=driver.SwitchTo().Alert();//Store the alert in a variable for reusestringtext=alert.Text;//Press the Cancel buttonalert.Dismiss();
# Click the link to activate the alertdriver.find_element(:link_text,'See a sample confirm').click# Store the alert reference in a variablealert=driver.switch_to.alert# Store the alert text in a variablealert_text=alert.text# Press on Cancel buttonalert.dismiss
//Click the link to activate the alert
awaitdriver.findElement(By.linkText('See a sample confirm')).click();// Wait for the alert to be displayed
awaitdriver.wait(until.alertIsPresent());// Store the alert in a variable
letalert=awaitdriver.switchTo().alert();//Store the alert text in a variable
letalertText=awaitalert.getText();//Press the Cancel button
awaitalert.dismiss();// Note: To use await, the above code should be inside an async function
//Click the link to activate the alert
driver.findElement(By.linkText("See a sample confirm")).click()//Wait for the alert to be displayed
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.alertIsPresent())//Store the alert in a variable
valalert=driver.switchTo().alert()//Store the alert in a variable for reuse
valtext=alert.text//Press the Cancel button
alert.dismiss()
//Click the link to activate the alert
driver.findElement(By.linkText("See a sample prompt")).click();//Wait for the alert to be displayed and store it in a variable
Alertalert=wait.until(ExpectedConditions.alertIsPresent());//Type your message
alert.sendKeys("Selenium");//Press the OK button
alert.accept();
# Click the link to activate the alertdriver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT,"See a sample prompt").click()# Wait for the alert to be displayedwait.until(expected_conditions.alert_is_present())# Store the alert in a variable for reusealert=Alert(driver)# Type your messagealert.send_keys("Selenium")# Press the OK buttonalert.accept()
//Click the link to activate the alertdriver.FindElement(By.LinkText("See a sample prompt")).Click();//Wait for the alert to be displayed and store it in a variableIAlertalert=wait.Until(ExpectedConditions.AlertIsPresent());//Type your messagealert.SendKeys("Selenium");//Press the OK buttonalert.Accept();
# Click the link to activate the alertdriver.find_element(:link_text,'See a sample prompt').click# Store the alert reference in a variablealert=driver.switch_to.alert# Type a messagealert.send_keys("selenium")# Press on Ok buttonalert.accept
//Click the link to activate the alert
awaitdriver.findElement(By.linkText('See a sample prompt')).click();// Wait for the alert to be displayed
awaitdriver.wait(until.alertIsPresent());// Store the alert in a variable
letalert=awaitdriver.switchTo().alert();//Type your message
awaitalert.sendKeys("Selenium");//Press the OK button
awaitalert.accept();//Note: To use await, the above code should be inside an async function
//Click the link to activate the alert
driver.findElement(By.linkText("See a sample prompt")).click()//Wait for the alert to be displayed and store it in a variable
valalert=wait.until(ExpectedConditions.alertIsPresent())//Type your message
alert.sendKeys("Selenium")//Press the OK button
alert.accept()
importorg.openqa.selenium.*;importorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;publicclassaddCookie{publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args){WebDriverdriver=newChromeDriver();try{driver.get("http://www.example.com");// Adds the cookie into current browser context
driver.manage().addCookie(newCookie("key","value"));}finally{driver.quit();}}}
fromseleniumimportwebdriverdriver=webdriver.Chrome()driver.get("http://www.example.com")# Adds the cookie into current browser contextdriver.add_cookie({"name":"key","value":"value"})
usingOpenQA.Selenium;usingOpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;namespaceAddCookie{classAddCookie{publicstaticvoidMain(string[]args){IWebDriverdriver=newChromeDriver();try{// Navigate to Urldriver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://example.com");// Adds the cookie into current browser contextdriver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(newCookie("key","value"));}finally{driver.Quit();}}}}
require'selenium-webdriver'driver=Selenium::WebDriver.for:chromebegindriver.get'https://www.example.com'# Adds the cookie into current browser contextdriver.manage.add_cookie(name:"key",value:"value")ensuredriver.quitend
it('Create a cookie',asyncfunction(){awaitdriver.get('https://www.example.com');// set a cookie on the current domain
awaitdriver.manage().addCookie({name:'key',value:'value'});
importorg.openqa.selenium.Cookieimportorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriverfunmain(){valdriver=ChromeDriver()try{driver.get("https://example.com")// Adds the cookie into current browser context
driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("key","value"))}finally{driver.quit()}}
importorg.openqa.selenium.*;importorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;publicclassgetCookieNamed{publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args){WebDriverdriver=newChromeDriver();try{driver.get("http://www.example.com");driver.manage().addCookie(newCookie("foo","bar"));// Get cookie details with named cookie 'foo'
Cookiecookie1=driver.manage().getCookieNamed("foo");System.out.println(cookie1);}finally{driver.quit();}}}
fromseleniumimportwebdriverdriver=webdriver.Chrome()# Navigate to urldriver.get("http://www.example.com")# Adds the cookie into current browser contextdriver.add_cookie({"name":"foo","value":"bar"})# Get cookie details with named cookie 'foo'print(driver.get_cookie("foo"))
usingOpenQA.Selenium;usingOpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;namespaceGetCookieNamed{classGetCookieNamed{publicstaticvoidMain(string[]args){IWebDriverdriver=newChromeDriver();try{// Navigate to Urldriver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://example.com");driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(newCookie("foo","bar"));// Get cookie details with named cookie 'foo'varcookie=driver.Manage().Cookies.GetCookieNamed("foo");System.Console.WriteLine(cookie);}finally{driver.Quit();}}}}
require'selenium-webdriver'driver=Selenium::WebDriver.for:chromebegindriver.get'https://www.example.com'driver.manage.add_cookie(name:"foo",value:"bar")# Get cookie details with named cookie 'foo'putsdriver.manage.cookie_named('foo')ensuredriver.quitend
it('Read cookie',asyncfunction(){awaitdriver.get('https://www.example.com');// set a cookie on the current domain
awaitdriver.manage().addCookie({name:'foo',value:'bar'});// Get cookie details with named cookie 'foo'
awaitdriver.manage().getCookie('foo').then(function(cookie){console.log('cookie details => ',cookie);});
importorg.openqa.selenium.Cookieimportorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriverfunmain(){valdriver=ChromeDriver()try{driver.get("https://example.com")driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("foo","bar"))// Get cookie details with named cookie 'foo'
valcookie=driver.manage().getCookieNamed("foo")println(cookie)}finally{driver.quit()}}
importorg.openqa.selenium.*;importorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;importjava.util.Set;publicclassgetAllCookies{publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args){WebDriverdriver=newChromeDriver();try{driver.get("http://www.example.com");// Add few cookies
driver.manage().addCookie(newCookie("test1","cookie1"));driver.manage().addCookie(newCookie("test2","cookie2"));// Get All available cookies
Set<Cookie>cookies=driver.manage().getCookies();System.out.println(cookies);}finally{driver.quit();}}}
fromseleniumimportwebdriverdriver=webdriver.Chrome()# Navigate to urldriver.get("http://www.example.com")driver.add_cookie({"name":"test1","value":"cookie1"})driver.add_cookie({"name":"test2","value":"cookie2"})# Get all available cookiesprint(driver.get_cookies())
usingOpenQA.Selenium;usingOpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;namespaceGetAllCookies{classGetAllCookies{publicstaticvoidMain(string[]args){IWebDriverdriver=newChromeDriver();try{// Navigate to Urldriver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://example.com");driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(newCookie("test1","cookie1"));driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(newCookie("test2","cookie2"));// Get All available cookiesvarcookies=driver.Manage().Cookies.AllCookies;}finally{driver.Quit();}}}}
require'selenium-webdriver'driver=Selenium::WebDriver.for:chromebegindriver.get'https://www.example.com'driver.manage.add_cookie(name:"test1",value:"cookie1")driver.manage.add_cookie(name:"test2",value:"cookie2")# Get all available cookiesputsdriver.manage.all_cookiesensuredriver.quitend
it('Read all cookies',asyncfunction(){awaitdriver.get('https://www.example.com');// Add few cookies
awaitdriver.manage().addCookie({name:'test1',value:'cookie1'});awaitdriver.manage().addCookie({name:'test2',value:'cookie2'});// Get all Available cookies
awaitdriver.manage().getCookies().then(function(cookies){console.log('cookie details => ',cookies);});
importorg.openqa.selenium.Cookieimportorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriverfunmain(){valdriver=ChromeDriver()try{driver.get("https://example.com")driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("test1","cookie1"))driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("test2","cookie2"))// Get All available cookies
valcookies=driver.manage().cookiesprintln(cookies)}finally{driver.quit()}}
importorg.openqa.selenium.*;importorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;publicclassdeleteCookie{publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args){WebDriverdriver=newChromeDriver();try{driver.get("http://www.example.com");driver.manage().addCookie(newCookie("test1","cookie1"));Cookiecookie1=newCookie("test2","cookie2");driver.manage().addCookie(cookie1);// delete a cookie with name 'test1'
driver.manage().deleteCookieNamed("test1");/*
Selenium Java bindings also provides a way to delete
cookie by passing cookie object of current browsing context
*/driver.manage().deleteCookie(cookie1);}finally{driver.quit();}}}
fromseleniumimportwebdriverdriver=webdriver.Chrome()# Navigate to urldriver.get("http://www.example.com")driver.add_cookie({"name":"test1","value":"cookie1"})driver.add_cookie({"name":"test2","value":"cookie2"})# Delete a cookie with name 'test1'driver.delete_cookie("test1")
usingOpenQA.Selenium;usingOpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;namespaceDeleteCookie{classDeleteCookie{publicstaticvoidMain(string[]args){IWebDriverdriver=newChromeDriver();try{// Navigate to Urldriver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://example.com");driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(newCookie("test1","cookie1"));varcookie=newCookie("test2","cookie2");driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(cookie);// delete a cookie with name 'test1' driver.Manage().Cookies.DeleteCookieNamed("test1");// Selenium .net bindings also provides a way to delete// cookie by passing cookie object of current browsing contextdriver.Manage().Cookies.DeleteCookie(cookie);}finally{driver.Quit();}}}}
require'selenium-webdriver'driver=Selenium::WebDriver.for:chromebegindriver.get'https://www.example.com'driver.manage.add_cookie(name:"test1",value:"cookie1")driver.manage.add_cookie(name:"test2",value:"cookie2")# delete a cookie with name 'test1'driver.manage.delete_cookie('test1')ensuredriver.quitend
it('Delete a cookie',asyncfunction(){awaitdriver.get('https://www.example.com');// Add few cookies
awaitdriver.manage().addCookie({name:'test1',value:'cookie1'});awaitdriver.manage().addCookie({name:'test2',value:'cookie2'});// Delete a cookie with name 'test1'
awaitdriver.manage().deleteCookie('test1');// Get all Available cookies
awaitdriver.manage().getCookies().then(function(cookies){console.log('cookie details => ',cookies);});
importorg.openqa.selenium.Cookieimportorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriverfunmain(){valdriver=ChromeDriver()try{driver.get("https://example.com")driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("test1","cookie1"))valcookie1=Cookie("test2","cookie2")driver.manage().addCookie(cookie1)// delete a cookie with name 'test1'
driver.manage().deleteCookieNamed("test1")// delete cookie by passing cookie object of current browsing context.
driver.manage().deleteCookie(cookie1)}finally{driver.quit()}}
importorg.openqa.selenium.*;importorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;publicclassdeleteAllCookies{publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args){WebDriverdriver=newChromeDriver();try{driver.get("http://www.example.com");driver.manage().addCookie(newCookie("test1","cookie1"));driver.manage().addCookie(newCookie("test2","cookie2"));// deletes all cookies
driver.manage().deleteAllCookies();}finally{driver.quit();}}}
fromseleniumimportwebdriverdriver=webdriver.Chrome()# Navigate to urldriver.get("http://www.example.com")driver.add_cookie({"name":"test1","value":"cookie1"})driver.add_cookie({"name":"test2","value":"cookie2"})# Deletes all cookiesdriver.delete_all_cookies()
usingOpenQA.Selenium;usingOpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;namespaceDeleteAllCookies{classDeleteAllCookies{publicstaticvoidMain(string[]args){IWebDriverdriver=newChromeDriver();try{// Navigate to Urldriver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://example.com");driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(newCookie("test1","cookie1"));driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(newCookie("test2","cookie2"));// deletes all cookiesdriver.Manage().Cookies.DeleteAllCookies();}finally{driver.Quit();}}}}
require'selenium-webdriver'driver=Selenium::WebDriver.for:chromebegindriver.get'https://www.example.com'driver.manage.add_cookie(name:"test1",value:"cookie1")driver.manage.add_cookie(name:"test2",value:"cookie2")# deletes all cookiesdriver.manage.delete_all_cookiesensuredriver.quitend
it('Delete all cookies',asyncfunction(){awaitdriver.get('https://www.example.com');// Add few cookies
awaitdriver.manage().addCookie({name:'test1',value:'cookie1'});awaitdriver.manage().addCookie({name:'test2',value:'cookie2'});// Delete all cookies
awaitdriver.manage().deleteAllCookies();
importorg.openqa.selenium.Cookieimportorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriverfunmain(){valdriver=ChromeDriver()try{driver.get("https://example.com")driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("test1","cookie1"))driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("test2","cookie2"))// deletes all cookies
driver.manage().deleteAllCookies()}finally{driver.quit()}}
fromseleniumimportwebdriverdriver=webdriver.Chrome()driver.get("http://www.example.com")# Adds the cookie into current browser context with sameSite 'Strict' (or) 'Lax'driver.add_cookie({"name":"foo","value":"value",'sameSite':'Strict'})driver.add_cookie({"name":"foo1","value":"value",'sameSite':'Lax'})cookie1=driver.get_cookie('foo')cookie2=driver.get_cookie('foo1')print(cookie1)print(cookie2)
require'selenium-webdriver'driver=Selenium::WebDriver.for:chromebegindriver.get'https://www.example.com'# Adds the cookie into current browser context with sameSite 'Strict' (or) 'Lax'driver.manage.add_cookie(name:"foo",value:"bar",same_site:"Strict")driver.manage.add_cookie(name:"foo1",value:"bar",same_site:"Lax")putsdriver.manage.cookie_named('foo')putsdriver.manage.cookie_named('foo1')ensuredriver.quitend
it('Create cookies with sameSite',asyncfunction(){awaitdriver.get('https://www.example.com');// set a cookie on the current domain with sameSite 'Strict' (or) 'Lax'
awaitdriver.manage().addCookie({name:'key',value:'value',sameSite:'Strict'});awaitdriver.manage().addCookie({name:'key',value:'value',sameSite:'Lax'});
//Store the web element
WebElementiframe=driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#modal>iframe"));//Switch to the frame
driver.switchTo().frame(iframe);//Now we can click the button
driver.findElement(By.tagName("button")).click();
# Store iframe web elementiframe=driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR,"#modal > iframe")# switch to selected iframedriver.switch_to.frame(iframe)# Now click on buttondriver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME,'button').click()
//Store the web elementIWebElementiframe=driver.FindElement(By.CssSelector("#modal>iframe"));//Switch to the framedriver.SwitchTo().Frame(iframe);//Now we can click the buttondriver.FindElement(By.TagName("button")).Click();
# Store iframe web elementiframe=driver.find_element(:css,'#modal > iframe')# Switch to the framedriver.switch_to.frameiframe# Now, Click on the buttondriver.find_element(:tag_name,'button').click
// Store the web element
constiframe=driver.findElement(By.css('#modal > iframe'));// Switch to the frame
awaitdriver.switchTo().frame(iframe);// Now we can click the button
awaitdriver.findElement(By.css('button')).click();
//Store the web element
valiframe=driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#modal>iframe"))//Switch to the frame
driver.switchTo().frame(iframe)//Now we can click the button
driver.findElement(By.tagName("button")).click()
//Using the ID
driver.switchTo().frame("buttonframe");//Or using the name instead
driver.switchTo().frame("myframe");//Now we can click the button
driver.findElement(By.tagName("button")).click();
# Switch frame by iddriver.switch_to.frame('buttonframe')# Now, Click on the buttondriver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME,'button').click()
//Using the IDdriver.SwitchTo().Frame("buttonframe");//Or using the name insteaddriver.SwitchTo().Frame("myframe");//Now we can click the buttondriver.FindElement(By.TagName("button")).Click();
# Switch by IDdriver.switch_to.frame'buttonframe'# Now, Click on the buttondriver.find_element(:tag_name,'button').click
// Using the ID
awaitdriver.switchTo().frame('buttonframe');// Or using the name instead
awaitdriver.switchTo().frame('myframe');// Now we can click the button
awaitdriver.findElement(By.css('button')).click();
//Using the ID
driver.switchTo().frame("buttonframe")//Or using the name instead
driver.switchTo().frame("myframe")//Now we can click the button
driver.findElement(By.tagName("button")).click()
// Switches to the second frame
driver.switchTo().frame(1);
# Switch to the second framedriver.switch_to.frame(1)
// Switches to the second framedriver.SwitchTo().Frame(1);
# switching to second iframe based on indexiframe=driver.find_elements(By.TAG_NAME,'iframe')[1]# switch to selected iframedriver.switch_to.frame(iframe)
// Switches to the second frame
awaitdriver.switchTo().frame(1);
// Switches to the second frame
driver.switchTo().frame(1)
//Store the ID of the original window
StringoriginalWindow=driver.getWindowHandle();//Check we don't have other windows open already
assertdriver.getWindowHandles().size()==1;//Click the link which opens in a new window
driver.findElement(By.linkText("new window")).click();//Wait for the new window or tab
wait.until(numberOfWindowsToBe(2));//Loop through until we find a new window handle
for(StringwindowHandle:driver.getWindowHandles()){if(!originalWindow.contentEquals(windowHandle)){driver.switchTo().window(windowHandle);break;}}//Wait for the new tab to finish loading content
wait.until(titleIs("Selenium documentation"));
fromseleniumimportwebdriverfromselenium.webdriver.support.uiimportWebDriverWaitfromselenium.webdriver.supportimportexpected_conditionsasEC# Start the driverwithwebdriver.Firefox()asdriver:# Open URLdriver.get("https://seleniumhq.github.io")# Setup wait for laterwait=WebDriverWait(driver,10)# Store the ID of the original windoworiginal_window=driver.current_window_handle# Check we don't have other windows open alreadyassertlen(driver.window_handles)==1# Click the link which opens in a new windowdriver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT,"new window").click()# Wait for the new window or tabwait.until(EC.number_of_windows_to_be(2))# Loop through until we find a new window handleforwindow_handleindriver.window_handles:ifwindow_handle!=original_window:driver.switch_to.window(window_handle)break# Wait for the new tab to finish loading contentwait.until(EC.title_is("SeleniumHQ Browser Automation"))
//Store the ID of the original windowstringoriginalWindow=driver.CurrentWindowHandle;//Check we don't have other windows open alreadyAssert.AreEqual(driver.WindowHandles.Count,1);//Click the link which opens in a new windowdriver.FindElement(By.LinkText("new window")).Click();//Wait for the new window or tabwait.Until(wd=>wd.WindowHandles.Count==2);//Loop through until we find a new window handleforeach(stringwindowindriver.WindowHandles){if(originalWindow!=window){driver.SwitchTo().Window(window);break;}}//Wait for the new tab to finish loading contentwait.Until(wd=>wd.Title=="Selenium documentation");
#Store the ID of the original windoworiginal_window=driver.window_handle#Check we don't have other windows open alreadyassert(driver.window_handles.length==1,'Expected one window')#Click the link which opens in a new windowdriver.find_element(link:'new window').click#Wait for the new window or tabwait.until{driver.window_handles.length==2}#Loop through until we find a new window handledriver.window_handles.eachdo|handle|ifhandle!=original_windowdriver.switch_to.windowhandlebreakendend#Wait for the new tab to finish loading contentwait.until{driver.title=='Selenium documentation'}
//Store the ID of the original window
constoriginalWindow=awaitdriver.getWindowHandle();//Check we don't have other windows open already
assert((awaitdriver.getAllWindowHandles()).length===1);//Click the link which opens in a new window
awaitdriver.findElement(By.linkText('new window')).click();//Wait for the new window or tab
awaitdriver.wait(async()=>(awaitdriver.getAllWindowHandles()).length===2,10000);//Loop through until we find a new window handle
constwindows=awaitdriver.getAllWindowHandles();windows.forEach(asynchandle=>{if(handle!==originalWindow){awaitdriver.switchTo().window(handle);}});//Wait for the new tab to finish loading content
awaitdriver.wait(until.titleIs('Selenium documentation'),10000);
//Store the ID of the original window
valoriginalWindow=driver.getWindowHandle()//Check we don't have other windows open already
assert(driver.getWindowHandles().size()===1)//Click the link which opens in a new window
driver.findElement(By.linkText("new window")).click()//Wait for the new window or tab
wait.until(numberOfWindowsToBe(2))//Loop through until we find a new window handle
for(windowHandleindriver.getWindowHandles()){if(!originalWindow.contentEquals(windowHandle)){driver.switchTo().window(windowHandle)break}}//Wait for the new tab to finish loading content
wait.until(titleIs("Selenium documentation"))
// Opens a new tab and switches to new tab
driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.TAB);// Opens a new window and switches to new window
driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.WINDOW);
# Opens a new tab and switches to new tabdriver.switch_to.new_window('tab')# Opens a new window and switches to new windowdriver.switch_to.new_window('window')
// Opens a new tab and switches to new tabdriver.SwitchTo().NewWindow(WindowType.Tab)// Opens a new window and switches to new windowdriver.SwitchTo().NewWindow(WindowType.Window)
# Note: The new_window in ruby only opens a new tab (or) Window and will not switch automatically# The user has to switch to new tab (or) new window# Opens a new tab and switches to new tabdriver.manage.new_window(:tab)# Opens a new window and switches to new windowdriver.manage.new_window(:window)
// Opens a new tab and switches to new tab
awaitdriver.switchTo().newWindow('tab');// Opens a new window and switches to new window
awaitdriver.switchTo().newWindow('window');
// Opens a new tab and switches to new tab
driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.TAB)// Opens a new window and switches to new window
driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.WINDOW)
/**
* Example using JUnit
* https://junit.org/junit5/docs/current/api/org/junit/jupiter/api/AfterAll.html
*/@AfterAllpublicstaticvoidtearDown(){driver.quit();}
/*
Example using Visual Studio's UnitTesting
https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/microsoft.visualstudio.testtools.unittesting.aspx
*/[TestCleanup]publicvoidTearDown(){driver.Quit();}
//Access each dimension individually
intwidth=driver.manage().window().getSize().getWidth();intheight=driver.manage().window().getSize().getHeight();//Or store the dimensions and query them later
Dimensionsize=driver.manage().window().getSize();intwidth1=size.getWidth();intheight1=size.getHeight();
# Access each dimension individuallywidth=driver.get_window_size().get("width")height=driver.get_window_size().get("height")# Or store the dimensions and query them latersize=driver.get_window_size()width1=size.get("width")height1=size.get("height")
//Access each dimension individuallyintwidth=driver.Manage().Window.Size.Width;intheight=driver.Manage().Window.Size.Height;//Or store the dimensions and query them laterSystem.Drawing.Sizesize=driver.Manage().Window.Size;intwidth1=size.Width;intheight1=size.Height;
# Access each dimension individuallywidth=driver.manage.window.size.widthheight=driver.manage.window.size.height# Or store the dimensions and query them latersize=driver.manage.window.sizewidth1=size.widthheight1=size.height
// Access each dimension individually
const{width,height}=awaitdriver.manage().window().getRect();// Or store the dimensions and query them later
constrect=awaitdriver.manage().window().getRect();constwidth1=rect.width;constheight1=rect.height;
//Access each dimension individually
valwidth=driver.manage().window().size.widthvalheight=driver.manage().window().size.height//Or store the dimensions and query them later
valsize=driver.manage().window().sizevalwidth1=size.widthvalheight1=size.height
// Access each dimension individually
intx=driver.manage().window().getPosition().getX();inty=driver.manage().window().getPosition().getY();// Or store the dimensions and query them later
Pointposition=driver.manage().window().getPosition();intx1=position.getX();inty1=position.getY();
# Access each dimension individuallyx=driver.get_window_position().get('x')y=driver.get_window_position().get('y')# Or store the dimensions and query them laterposition=driver.get_window_position()x1=position.get('x')y1=position.get('y')
//Access each dimension individuallyintx=driver.Manage().Window.Position.X;inty=driver.Manage().Window.Position.Y;//Or store the dimensions and query them laterPointposition=driver.Manage().Window.Position;intx1=position.X;inty1=position.Y;
#Access each dimension individuallyx=driver.manage.window.position.xy=driver.manage.window.position.y# Or store the dimensions and query them laterrect=driver.manage.window.rectx1=rect.xy1=rect.y
// Access each dimension individually
const{x,y}=awaitdriver.manage().window().getRect();// Or store the dimensions and query them later
constrect=awaitdriver.manage().window().getRect();constx1=rect.x;consty1=rect.y;
// Access each dimension individually
valx=driver.manage().window().position.xvaly=driver.manage().window().position.y// Or store the dimensions and query them later
valposition=driver.manage().window().positionvalx1=position.xvaly1=position.y
fromseleniumimportwebdriverdriver=webdriver.Chrome()# Navigate to urldriver.get("http://www.example.com")# Returns and base64 encoded string into imagedriver.save_screenshot('./image.png')driver.quit()
usingOpenQA.Selenium;usingOpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;usingOpenQA.Selenium.Support.UI;vardriver=newChromeDriver();driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("http://www.example.com");Screenshotscreenshot=(driverasITakesScreenshot).GetScreenshot();screenshot.SaveAsFile("screenshot.png",ScreenshotImageFormat.Png);// Format values are Bmp, Gif, Jpeg, Png, Tiff
require'selenium-webdriver'driver=Selenium::WebDriver.for:chromebegindriver.get'https://example.com/'# Takes and Stores the screenshot in specified pathdriver.save_screenshot('./image.png')end
fromseleniumimportwebdriverfromselenium.webdriver.common.byimportBydriver=webdriver.Chrome()# Navigate to urldriver.get("http://www.example.com")ele=driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR,'h1')# Returns and base64 encoded string into imageele.screenshot('./image.png')driver.quit()
usingOpenQA.Selenium;usingOpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;usingOpenQA.Selenium.Support.UI;// Webdrivervardriver=newChromeDriver();driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("http://www.example.com");// Fetch element using FindElementvarwebElement=driver.FindElement(By.CssSelector("h1"));// Screenshot for the elementvarelementScreenshot=(webElementasITakesScreenshot).GetScreenshot();elementScreenshot.SaveAsFile("screenshot_of_element.png");
# Works with Selenium4-alpha7 Ruby bindings and aboverequire'selenium-webdriver'driver=Selenium::WebDriver.for:chromebegindriver.get'https://example.com/'ele=driver.find_element(:css,'h1')# Takes and Stores the element screenshot in specified pathele.save_screenshot('./image.jpg')end
const{Builder,By}=require('selenium-webdriver');letfs=require('fs');(asyncfunctionexample(){letdriver=awaitnewBuilder().forBrowser('chrome').build();awaitdriver.get('https://www.example.com');letele=awaitdriver.findElement(By.css("h1"));// Captures the element screenshot
letencodedString=awaitele.takeScreenshot(true);awaitfs.writeFileSync('./image.png',encodedString,'base64');awaitdriver.quit();}())
//Creating the JavascriptExecutor interface object by Type casting
JavascriptExecutorjs=(JavascriptExecutor)driver;//Button Element
WebElementbutton=driver.findElement(By.name("btnLogin"));//Executing JavaScript to click on element
js.executeScript("arguments[0].click();",button);//Get return value from script
Stringtext=(String)js.executeScript("return arguments[0].innerText",button);//Executing JavaScript directly
js.executeScript("console.log('hello world')");
# Stores the header elementheader=driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR,"h1")# Executing JavaScript to capture innerText of header elementdriver.execute_script('return arguments[0].innerText',header)
//creating Chromedriver instanceIWebDriverdriver=newChromeDriver();//Creating the JavascriptExecutor interface object by Type castingIJavaScriptExecutorjs=(IJavaScriptExecutor)driver;//Button ElementIWebElementbutton=driver.FindElement(By.Name("btnLogin"));//Executing JavaScript to click on elementjs.ExecuteScript("arguments[0].click();",button);//Get return value from scriptStringtext=(String)js.ExecuteScript("return arguments[0].innerText",button);//Executing JavaScript directlyjs.ExecuteScript("console.log('hello world')");
# Stores the header elementheader=driver.find_element(css:'h1')# Get return value from scriptresult=driver.execute_script("return arguments[0].innerText",header)# Executing JavaScript directlydriver.execute_script("alert('hello world')")
// Stores the header element
letheader=awaitdriver.findElement(By.css('h1'));// Executing JavaScript to capture innerText of header element
lettext=awaitdriver.executeScript('return arguments[0].innerText',header);
// Stores the header element
valheader=driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("h1"))// Get return value from script
valresult=driver.executeScript("return arguments[0].innerText",header)// Executing JavaScript directly
driver.executeScript("alert('hello world')")
Page being translated from English to Japanese.
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Web applications can enable a public key-based authentication mechanism known as Web Authentication to authenticate users in a passwordless manner.
Web Authentication defines APIs that allows a user to create a public-key credential and register it with an authenticator.
An authenticator can be a hardware device or a software entity that stores user’s public-key credentials and retrieves them on request.
As the name suggests, Virtual Authenticator emulates such authenticators for testing.
Virtual Authenticator Options
A Virtual Authenticatior has a set of properties.
These properties are mapped as VirtualAuthenticatorOptions in the Selenium bindings.
A low-level interface for providing virtualized device input actions to the web browser.
In addition to the high-level element interactions,
the Actions API provides granular control over
exactly what designated input devices can do. Selenium provides an interface for 3 kinds of input sources:
a key input for keyboard devices, a pointer input for a mouse, pen or touch devices,
and wheel inputs for scroll wheel devices (introduced in Selenium 4.2).
Selenium allows you to construct individual action commands assigned to specific
inputs and chain them together and call the associated perform method to execute them all at once.
Action Builder
In the move from the legacy JSON Wire Protocol to the new W3C WebDriver Protocol,
the low level building blocks of actions became especially detailed. It is extremely
powerful, but each input device has a number of ways to use it and if you need to
manage more than one device, you are responsible for ensuring proper synchronization between them.
Thankfully, you likely do not need to learn how to use the low level commands directly, since
almost everything you might want to do has been given a convenience method that combines the
lower level commands for you. These are all documented in
keyboard, mouse, pen, and wheel pages.
Pause
Pointer movements and Wheel scrolling allow the user to set a duration for the action, but sometimes you just need
to wait a beat between actions for things to work correctly.
An important thing to note is that the driver remembers the state of all the input
items throughout a session. Even if you create a new instance of an actions class, the depressed keys and
the location of the pointer will be in whatever state a previously performed action left them.
There is a special method to release all currently depressed keys and pointer buttons.
This method is implemented differently in each of the languages because
it does not get executed with the perform method.
A representation of any key input device for interacting with a web page.
There are only 2 actions that can be accomplished with a keyboard:
pressing down on a key, and releasing a pressed key.
In addition to supporting ASCII characters, each keyboard key has
a representation that can be pressed or released in designated sequences.
Keys
In addition to the keys represented by regular unicode,
unicode values have been assigned to other keyboard keys for use with Selenium.
Each language has its own way to reference these keys; the full list can be found
here.
This is a convenience method in the Actions API that combines keyDown and keyUp commands in one action.
Executing this command differs slightly from using the element method, but
primarily this gets used when needing to type multiple characters in the middle of other actions.
Here’s an example of using all of the above methods to conduct a copy / paste action.
Note that the key to use for this operation will be different depending on if it is a Mac OS or not.
This code will end up with the text: SeleniumSelenium!
A representation of any pointer device for interacting with a web page.
There are only 3 actions that can be accomplished with a mouse:
pressing down on a button, releasing a pressed button, and moving the mouse.
Selenium provides convenience methods that combine these actions in the most common ways.
Click and hold
This method combines moving the mouse to the center of an element with pressing the left mouse button.
This is useful for focusing a specific element:
There are a total of 5 defined buttons for a Mouse:
0 — Left Button (the default)
1 — Middle Button (currently unsupported)
2 — Right Button
3 — X1 (Back) Button
4 — X2 (Forward) Button
Context Click
This method combines moving to the center of an element with pressing and releasing the right mouse button (button 2).
This is otherwise known as “right-clicking”:
This method moves the mouse to the in-view center point of the element.
This is otherwise known as “hovering.”
Note that the element must be in the viewport or else the command will error.
These methods first move the mouse to the designated origin and then
by the number of pixels in the provided offset.
Note that the position of the mouse must be in the viewport or else the command will error.
Offset from Element
This method moves the mouse to the in-view center point of the element,
then moves by the provided offset.
This method moves the mouse from its current position by the offset provided by the user.
If the mouse has not previously been moved, the position will be in the upper left
corner of the viewport.
Note that the pointer position does not change when the page is scrolled.
Note that the first argument X specifies to move right when positive, while the second argument
Y specifies to move down when positive. So moveByOffset(30, -10) moves right 30 and up 10 from
the current mouse position.
A Pen is a type of pointer input that has most of the same behavior as a mouse, but can
also have event properties unique to a stylus. Additionally, while a mouse
has 5 buttons, a pen has 3 equivalent button states:
0 — Touch Contact (the default; equivalent to a left click)
2 — Barrel Button (equivalent to a right click)
5 — Eraser Button (currently unsupported by drivers)
This is the most common scenario. Unlike traditional click and send keys methods,
the actions class does not automatically scroll the target element into view,
so this method will need to be used if elements are not already inside the viewport.
This method takes a web element as the sole argument.
Regardless of whether the element is above or below the current viewscreen,
the viewport will be scrolled so the bottom of the element is at the bottom of the screen.
This is the second most common scenario for scrolling. Pass in an delta x and a delta y value for how much to scroll
in the right and down directions. Negative values represent left and up, respectively.
This scenario is effectively a combination of the above two methods.
To execute this use the “Scroll From” method, which takes 3 arguments.
The first represents the origination point, which we designate as the element,
and the second two are the delta x and delta y values.
If the element is out of the viewport,
it will be scrolled to the bottom of the screen, then the page will be scrolled by the provided
delta x and delta y values.
This scenario is used when you need to scroll only a portion of the screen, and it is outside the viewport.
Or is inside the viewport and the portion of the screen that must be scrolled
is a known offset away from a specific element.
This uses the “Scroll From” method again, and in addition to specifying the element,
an offset is specified to indicate the origin point of the scroll. The offset is
calculated from the center of the provided element.
If the element is out of the viewport,
it first will be scrolled to the bottom of the screen, then the origin of the scroll will be determined
by adding the offset to the coordinates of the center of the element, and finally
the page will be scrolled by the provided delta x and delta y values.
Note that if the offset from the center of the element falls outside of the viewport,
it will result in an exception.
Scroll from a offset of origin (element) by given amount
The final scenario is used when you need to scroll only a portion of the screen,
and it is already inside the viewport.
This uses the “Scroll From” method again, but the viewport is designated instead
of an element. An offset is specified from the upper left corner of the
current viewport. After the origin point is determined,
the page will be scrolled by the provided delta x and delta y values.
Note that if the offset from the upper left corner of the viewport falls outside of the screen,
it will result in an exception.
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Selenium is working with browser vendors to create the
WebDriver BiDirectional Protocol
as a means to provide a stable, cross-browser API that uses the bidirectional
functionality useful for both browser automation generally and testing specifically.
Before now, users seeking this functionality have had to rely on
with all of its frustrations and limitations.
The traditional WebDriver model of strict request/response commands will be supplemented
with the ability to stream events from the user agent to the controlling software via WebSockets,
better matching the evented nature of the browser DOM.
As it is not a good idea to tie your tests to a specific version of any browser, the
Selenium project recommends using WebDriver BiDi wherever possible.
However, until the specification is complete there are many useful things that
CDP (Chrome DevTools Protocol) offers. To help keep your tests independent
and portable, Selenium offers some useful helper classes as well. At the
moment, they use the CDP, but soon it could be done using WebDriver BiDi.
2.8.1 - Chrome DevTools Protocol
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While Selenium 4 provides direct access to the Chrome DevTools Protocol (CDP), it is
highly encouraged that you use the WebDriver Bidi APIs instead.
Many browsers provide “DevTools” – a set of tools that are integrated with the browser that
developers can use to debug web apps and explore the performance of their pages. Google Chrome’s
DevTools make use of a protocol called the Chrome DevTools Protocol (or “CDP” for short).
As the name suggests, this is not designed for testing, nor to have a stable API, so functionality
is highly dependent on the version of the browser.
WebDriver Bidi is the next generation of the W3C WebDriver protocol and aims to provide a stable API
implemented by all browsers, but it’s not yet complete. Until it is, Selenium provides access to
the CDP for those browsers that implement it (such as Google Chrome, or Microsoft Edge, and
Firefox), allowing you to enhance your tests in interesting ways. Some examples of what you can
do with it are given below.
Emulate Geo Location
Some applications have different features and functionalities across different
locations. Automating such applications is difficult because it is hard to emulate
the geo-locations in the browser using Selenium. But with the help of Devtools,
we can easily emulate them. Below code snippet demonstrates that.
fromseleniumimportwebdriverfromselenium.webdriver.chrome.serviceimportServicedefgeoLocationTest():driver=webdriver.Chrome()Map_coordinates=dict({"latitude":41.8781,"longitude":-87.6298,"accuracy":100})driver.execute_cdp_cmd("Emulation.setGeolocationOverride",Map_coordinates)driver.get("<your site url>")
usingSystem.Threading.Tasks;usingOpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;usingOpenQA.Selenium.DevTools;// Replace the version to match the Chrome versionusingOpenQA.Selenium.DevTools.V87.Emulation;namespacedotnet_test{classProgram{publicstaticvoidMain(string[]args){GeoLocation().GetAwaiter().GetResult();}publicstaticasyncTaskGeoLocation(){ChromeDriverdriver=newChromeDriver();DevToolsSessiondevToolsSession=driver.CreateDevToolsSession();vargeoLocationOverrideCommandSettings=newSetGeolocationOverrideCommandSettings();geoLocationOverrideCommandSettings.Latitude=51.507351;geoLocationOverrideCommandSettings.Longitude=-0.127758;geoLocationOverrideCommandSettings.Accuracy=1;awaitdevToolsSession.GetVersionSpecificDomains<OpenQA.Selenium.DevTools.V87.DevToolsSessionDomains>().Emulation.SetGeolocationOverride(geoLocationOverrideCommandSettings);driver.Url="<your site url>";}}}
require'selenium-webdriver'driver=Selenium::WebDriver.for:chromebegin# Latitude and longitude of Tokyo, Japancoordinates={latitude:35.689487,longitude:139.691706,accuracy:100}driver.execute_cdp('Emulation.setGeolocationOverride',coordinates)driver.get'https://www.google.com/search?q=selenium'ensuredriver.quitend
const{By,Key,Browser}=require('selenium-webdriver');const{suite}=require('selenium-webdriver/testing');constassert=require("assert");suite(function(env){describe('Emulate geolocation',function(){letdriver;before(asyncfunction(){driver=awaitenv.builder().build();});after(()=>driver.quit());it('Emulate coordinates of Tokyo',asyncfunction(){constcdpConnection=awaitdriver.createCDPConnection('page');// Latitude and longitude of Tokyo, Japan
constcoordinates={latitude:35.689487,longitude:139.691706,accuracy:100,};awaitcdpConnection.execute("Emulation.setGeolocationOverride",coordinates);awaitdriver.get("https://kawasaki-india.com/dealer-locator/");});});},{browsers:[Browser.CHROME,Browser.FIREFOX]});
fromseleniumimportwebdriver#Replace the version to match the Chrome versionimportselenium.webdriver.common.devtools.v93asdevtoolsasyncdefgeoLocationTest():chrome_options=webdriver.ChromeOptions()driver=webdriver.Remote(command_executor='<grid-url>',options=chrome_options)asyncwithdriver.bidi_connection()assession:cdpSession=session.sessionawaitcdpSession.execute(devtools.emulation.set_geolocation_override(latitude=41.8781,longitude=-87.6298,accuracy=100))driver.get("https://my-location.org/")driver.quit()
usingSystem.Threading.Tasks;usingOpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;usingOpenQA.Selenium.DevTools;// Replace the version to match the Chrome versionusingOpenQA.Selenium.DevTools.V87.Emulation;namespacedotnet_test{classProgram{publicstaticvoidMain(string[]args){GeoLocation().GetAwaiter().GetResult();}publicstaticasyncTaskGeoLocation(){ChromeOptionschromeOptions=newChromeOptions();RemoteWebDriverdriver=newRemoteWebDriver(newUri("<grid-url>"),chromeOptions);DevToolsSessiondevToolsSession=driver.CreateDevToolsSession();vargeoLocationOverrideCommandSettings=newSetGeolocationOverrideCommandSettings();geoLocationOverrideCommandSettings.Latitude=51.507351;geoLocationOverrideCommandSettings.Longitude=-0.127758;geoLocationOverrideCommandSettings.Accuracy=1;awaitdevToolsSession.GetVersionSpecificDomains<OpenQA.Selenium.DevTools.V87.DevToolsSessionDomains>().Emulation.SetGeolocationOverride(geoLocationOverrideCommandSettings);driver.Url="https://my-location.org/";}}}
driver=Selenium::WebDriver.for(:remote,:url=>"<grid-url>",:capabilities=>:chrome)begin# Latitude and longitude of Tokyo, Japancoordinates={latitude:35.689487,longitude:139.691706,accuracy:100}devToolsSession=driver.devtoolsdevToolsSession.send_cmd('Emulation.setGeolocationOverride',coordinates)driver.get'https://my-location.org/'putsresensuredriver.quitend
constwebdriver=require('selenium-webdriver');constBROWSER_NAME=webdriver.Browser.CHROME;asyncfunctiongetDriver(){returnnewwebdriver.Builder().usingServer('<grid-url>').forBrowser(BROWSER_NAME).build();}asyncfunctionexecuteCDPCommands(){letdriver=awaitgetDriver();awaitdriver.get("<your site url>");constcdpConnection=awaitdriver.createCDPConnection('page');//Latitude and longitude of Tokyo, Japan
constcoordinates={latitude:35.689487,longitude:139.691706,accuracy:100,};awaitcdpConnection.execute("Emulation.setGeolocationOverride",coordinates);awaitdriver.quit();}executeCDPCommands();
importorg.openqa.selenium.WebDriverimportorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptionsimportorg.openqa.selenium.devtools.HasDevTools// Replace the version to match the Chrome version
importorg.openqa.selenium.devtools.v91.emulation.Emulationimportorg.openqa.selenium.remote.Augmenterimportorg.openqa.selenium.remote.RemoteWebDriverimportjava.net.URLimportjava.util.Optionalfunmain(){valchromeOptions=ChromeOptions()vardriver:WebDriver=RemoteWebDriver(URL("<grid-url>"),chromeOptions)driver=Augmenter().augment(driver)valdevTools=(driverasHasDevTools).devToolsdevTools.createSession()devTools.send(Emulation.setGeolocationOverride(Optional.of(52.5043),Optional.of(13.4501),Optional.of(1)))driver["https://my-location.org/"]driver.quit()}
Override Device Mode
Using Selenium’s integration with CDP, one can override the current device
mode and simulate a new mode. Width, height, mobile, and deviceScaleFactor
are required parameters. Optional parameters include scale, screenWidth,
screenHeight, positionX, positionY, dontSetVisible, screenOrientation, viewport, and displayFeature.
ChromeDriverdriver=newChromeDriver();DevToolsdevTools=driver.getDevTools();devTools.createSession();// iPhone 11 Pro dimensions
devTools.send(Emulation.setDeviceMetricsOverride(375,812,50,true,Optional.empty(),Optional.empty(),Optional.empty(),Optional.empty(),Optional.empty(),Optional.empty(),Optional.empty(),Optional.empty(),Optional.empty()));driver.get("https://selenium.dev/");driver.quit();
fromseleniumimportwebdriverdriver=webdriver.Chrome()//iPhone11Prodimensionsset_device_metrics_override=dict({"width":375,"height":812,"deviceScaleFactor":50,"mobile":True})driver.execute_cdp_cmd('Emulation.setDeviceMetricsOverride',set_device_metrics_override)driver.get("<your site url>")
usingOpenQA.Selenium;usingOpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;usingOpenQA.Selenium.DevTools;usingSystem.Threading.Tasks;usingOpenQA.Selenium.DevTools.V91.Emulation;usingDevToolsSessionDomains=OpenQA.Selenium.DevTools.V91.DevToolsSessionDomains;namespaceSelenium4Sample{publicclassExampleDevice{protectedIDevToolsSessionsession;protectedIWebDriverdriver;protectedDevToolsSessionDomainsdevToolsSession;publicasyncTaskDeviceModeTest(){ChromeOptionschromeOptions=newChromeOptions();//Set ChromeDriverdriver=newChromeDriver();//Get DevToolsIDevToolsdevTools=driverasIDevTools;//DevTools Sessionsession=devTools.GetDevToolsSession();vardeviceModeSetting=newSetDeviceMetricsOverrideCommandSettings();deviceModeSetting.Width=600;deviceModeSetting.Height=1000;deviceModeSetting.Mobile=true;deviceModeSetting.DeviceScaleFactor=50;awaitsession.GetVersionSpecificDomains<OpenQA.Selenium.DevTools.V91.DevToolsSessionDomains>().Emulation.SetDeviceMetricsOverride(deviceModeSetting);driver.Url="<your site url>";}}}
// File must contain the following using statementsusingOpenQA.Selenium;usingOpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;usingOpenQA.Selenium.DevTools;// We must use a version-specific set of domainsusingOpenQA.Selenium.DevTools.V94.Performance;publicasyncTaskPerformanceMetricsExample(){IWebDriverdriver=newChromeDriver();IDevToolsdevTools=driverasIDevTools;DevToolsSessionsession=devTools.GetDevToolsSession();awaitsession.SendCommand<EnableCommandSettings>(newEnableCommandSettings());varmetricsResponse=awaitsession.SendCommand<GetMetricsCommandSettings,GetMetricsCommandResponse>(newGetMetricsCommandSettings());driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("http://www.google.com");driver.Quit();varmetrics=metricsResponse.Metrics;foreach(Metricmetricinmetrics){Console.WriteLine("{0} = {1}",metric.Name,metric.Value);}}
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it by sending us pull requests!
The following list of APIs will be growing as the Selenium
project works through supporting real world use cases. If there
is additional functionality you’d like to see, please raise a
feature request.
Register Basic Auth
Some applications make use of browser authentication to secure pages.
With Selenium, you can automate the input of basic auth credentials whenever they arise.
require'selenium-webdriver'driver=Selenium::WebDriver.for:chromebegindriver.devtools.newdriver.register(username:'username',password:'password')driver.get'<your site url>'ensuredriver.quitend
ChromeDriverdriver=newChromeDriver();DevToolsdevTools=driver.getDevTools();devTools.createSession();devTools.send(Log.enable());devTools.addListener(Log.entryAdded(),logEntry->{System.out.println("log: "+logEntry.getText());System.out.println("level: "+logEntry.getLevel());});driver.get("http://the-internet.herokuapp.com/broken_images");// Check the terminal output for the browser console messages.
driver.quit();
importtriofromseleniumimportwebdriverfromselenium.webdriver.common.logimportLogasyncdefprintConsoleLogs():chrome_options=webdriver.ChromeOptions()driver=webdriver.Chrome()driver.get("http://www.google.com")asyncwithdriver.bidi_connection()assession:log=Log(driver,session)fromselenium.webdriver.common.bidi.consoleimportConsoleasyncwithlog.add_listener(Console.ALL)asmessages:driver.execute_script("console.log('I love cheese')")print(messages["message"])driver.quit()trio.run(printConsoleLogs)
importorg.openqa.selenium.*;importorg.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;importorg.openqa.selenium.devtools.DevTools;publicvoidjsExceptionsExample(){ChromeDriverdriver=newChromeDriver();DevToolsdevTools=driver.getDevTools();devTools.createSession();List<JavascriptException>jsExceptionsList=newArrayList<>();Consumer<JavascriptException>addEntry=jsExceptionsList::add;devTools.getDomains().events().addJavascriptExceptionListener(addEntry);driver.get("<your site url>");WebElementlink2click=driver.findElement(By.linkText("<your link text>"));((JavascriptExecutor)driver).executeScript("arguments[0].setAttribute(arguments[1], arguments[2]);",link2click,"onclick","throw new Error('Hello, world!')");link2click.click();for(JavascriptExceptionjsException:jsExceptionsList){System.out.println("JS exception message: "+jsException.getMessage());System.out.println("JS exception system information: "+jsException.getSystemInformation());jsException.printStackTrace();}}
asyncdefcatchJSException():chrome_options=webdriver.ChromeOptions()driver=webdriver.Chrome()asyncwithdriver.bidi_connection()assession:driver.get("<your site url>")log=Log(driver,session)asyncwithlog.add_js_error_listener()asmessages:# Operation on the website that throws an JS errorprint(messages)driver.quit()
List<string>exceptionMessages=newList<string>();usingIJavaScriptEnginemonitor=newJavaScriptEngine(driver);monitor.JavaScriptExceptionThrown+=(sender,e)=>{exceptionMessages.Add(e.Message);};awaitmonitor.StartEventMonitoring();driver.Navigate.GoToUrl("<your site url>");IWebElementlink2click=driver.FindElement(By.LinkText("<your link text>"));((IJavaScriptExecutor)driver).ExecuteScript("arguments[0].setAttribute(arguments[1], arguments[2]);",link2click,"onclick","throw new Error('Hello, world!')");link2click.Click();foreach(stringmessageinexceptionMessages){Console.WriteLine("JS exception message: {0}",message);}
const{Builder,By}=require('selenium-webdriver');(async()=>{try{letdriver=newBuilder().forBrowser('chrome').build();constcdpConnection=awaitdriver.createCDPConnection('page')awaitdriver.onLogException(cdpConnection,function(event){console.log(event['exceptionDetails']);})awaitdriver.get('https://the-internet.herokuapp.com');constlink=awaitdriver.findElement(By.linkText('Checkboxes'));awaitdriver.executeScript("arguments[0].setAttribute(arguments[1], arguments[2]);",link,"onclick","throw new Error('Hello, world!')");awaitlink.click();awaitdriver.quit();}catch(e){console.log(e);}})()
funkotlinJsErrorListener(){valdriver=ChromeDriver()valdevTools=driver.devToolsdevTools.createSession()vallogJsError={j:JavascriptException->print("Javascript error: '"+j.localizedMessage+"'.")}devTools.domains.events().addJavascriptExceptionListener(logJsError)driver.get("https://www.google.com")vallink2click=driver.findElement(By.name("q"))(driverasJavascriptExecutor).executeScript("arguments[0].setAttribute(arguments[1], arguments[2]);",link2click,"onclick","throw new Error('Hello, world!')")link2click.click()driver.quit()}
Network Interception
If you want to capture network events coming into the browser and you want manipulate them you are able to do
it with the following examples.
Page being translated from English to Japanese.
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it by sending us pull requests!
The following list of APIs will be growing as the WebDriver BiDirectional Protocol grows
and browser vendors implement the same.
Additionally, Selenium will try to support real-world use cases that internally use a combination of W3C BiDi protocol APIs.
If there is additional functionality you’d like to see, please raise a
feature request.
2.8.3.1 - Browsing Context
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This section contains the APIs related to browsing context commands.
A reference browsing context is a top-level browsing context.
The API allows to pass the reference browsing context, which is used to create a new window. The implementation is operating system specific.
A reference browsing context is a top-level browsing context.
The API allows to pass the reference browsing context, which is used to create a new tab. The implementation is operating system specific.
Provides a tree of all browsing contexts descending from the parent browsing context, including the parent browsing context upto the depth value passed.
Assertions.assertEquals(1,contextInfoList.size());BrowsingContextInfoinfo=contextInfoList.get(0);Assertions.assertNull(info.getChildren());// since depth is 0
Assertions.assertEquals("Error: Not working",logEntry.getText());Assertions.assertEquals("javascript",logEntry.getType());Assertions.assertEquals(LogLevel.ERROR,logEntry.getLevel());}}@TestvoidtestListenToJavascriptErrorLog()
constinspector=awaitLogInspector(driver)awaitinspector.onJavascriptException(function(log){logEntry=log})awaitdriver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/bidi/logEntryAdded.html')awaitdriver.findElement({id:'jsException'}).click()assert.equal(logEntry.text,'Error: Not working')assert.equal(logEntry.type,'javascript')assert.equal(logEntry.level,'error')
Support classes provide optional higher level features.
The core libraries of Selenium try to be low level and non-opinionated.
The Support classes in each language provide opinionated wrappers for common interactions
that may be used to simplify some behaviors.
The Select object will now give you a series of commands
that allow you to interact with a <select> element.
If you are using Java or .NET make sure that you’ve properly required the support package
in your code. See the full code from GitHub in any of the examples below.
Note that this class only works for HTML elements select and option.
It is possible to design drop-downs with JavaScript overlays using div or li,
and this class will not work for those.
Types
Select methods may behave differently depending on which type of <select> element is being worked with.
Single select
This is the standard drop-down object where one and only one option may be selected.
<selectname="selectomatic"><optionselected="selected"id="non_multi_option"value="one">One</option><optionvalue="two">Two</option><optionvalue="four">Four</option><optionvalue="still learning how to count, apparently">Still learning how to count, apparently</option></select>
Multiple select
This select list allows selecting and deselecting more than one option at a time.
This only applies to <select> elements with the multiple attribute.
First locate a <select> element, then use it to initialize a Select object.
Note that as of Selenium 4.5, you can’t create a Select object if the <select> element is disabled.
Get a list of selected options in the <select> element. For a standard select list
this will only be a list with one element, for a multiple select list it can contain
zero or many elements.
The Select class provides three ways to select an option.
Note that for multiple select type Select lists, you can repeat these methods
for each element you want to select.
publicclassDriverClash{//thread main (id 1) created this driver
privateWebDriverprotectedDriver=ThreadGuard.protect(newChromeDriver());static{System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver","<Set path to your Chromedriver>");}//Thread-1 (id 24) is calling the same driver causing the clash to happen
Runnabler1=()->{protectedDriver.get("https://selenium.dev");};Threadthr1=newThread(r1);voidrunThreads(){thr1.start();}publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args){newDriverClash().runThreads();}}
結果は以下のとおりです。
Exception in thread "Thread-1" org.openqa.selenium.WebDriverException:
Thread safety error; this instance of WebDriver was constructed
on thread main (id 1)and is being accessed by thread Thread-1 (id 24)
This is not permitted and *will* cause undefined behaviour
It is not always obvious the root cause of errors in Selenium.
The most common Selenium-related error is a result of poor synchronization.
Read about Waiting Strategies. If you aren’t sure if it
is a synchronization strategy you can try temporarily hard coding a large sleep
where you see the issue, and you’ll know if adding an explicit wait can help.
Note that many errors that get reported to the project are actually caused by
issues in the underlying drivers that Selenium sends the commands to. You can rule
out a driver problem by executing the command in multiple browsers.
If you have questions about how to do things, check out the Support options
for ways get assistance.
If you think you’ve found a problem with Selenium code, go ahead and file a
Bug Report
on GitHub.
2.10.1 - Understanding Common Errors
How to get deal with various problems in your Selenium code.
Invalid Selector Exception
CSS and XPath Selectors are sometimes difficult to get correct.
Likely Cause
The CSS or XPath selector you are trying to use has invalid characters or an invalid query.
An element goes stale when it was previously located, but can not be currently accessed.
Elements do not get relocated automatically; the driver creates a reference ID for the element and
has a particular place it expects to find it in the DOM. If it can not find the element
in the current DOM, any action using that element will result in this exception.
Common Causes
This can happen when:
You have refreshed the page, or the DOM of the page has dynamically changed.
You have navigated to a different page.
You have switched to another window or into or out of a frame or iframe.
Common Solutions
The DOM has changed
When the page is refreshed or items on the page have moved around, there is still
an element with the desired locator on the page, it is just no longer accessible
by the element object being used, and the element must be relocated before it can be used again.
This is often done in one of two ways:
Always relocate the element every time you go to use it. The likelihood of
the element going stale in the microseconds between locating and using the element
is small, though possible. The downside is that this is not the most efficient approach,
especially when running on a remote grid.
Wrap the Web Element with another object that stores the locator, and caches the
located Selenium element. When taking actions with this wrapped object, you can
attempt to use the cached object if previously located, and if it is stale, exception
can be caught, the element relocated with the stored locator, and the method re-tried.
This is more efficient, but it can cause problems if the locator you’re using
references a different element (and not the one you want) after the page has changed.
The Context has changed
Element objects are stored for a given context, so if you move to a different context —
like a different window or a different frame or iframe — the element reference will
still be valid, but will be temporarily inaccessible. In this scenario, it won’t
help to relocate the element, because it doesn’t exist in the current context.
To fix this, you need to make sure to switch back to the correct context before using the element.
The Page has changed
This scenario is when you haven’t just changed contexts, you have navigated to another page
and have destroyed the context in which the element was located.
You can’t just relocate it from the current context,
and you can’t switch back to an active context where it is valid. If this is the reason
for your error, you must both navigate back to the correct location and relocate it.
2.10.2 - Logging Selenium commands
Getting information about Selenium execution.
Turning on logging is a valuable way to get extra information that might help you determine
why you might be having a problem.
Java logs are typically created per class. You can work with the default logger to
work with all loggers. To filter out specific classes, see Filtering
Java Logging is not exactly straightforward, and if you are just looking for an easy way
to look at the important Selenium logs,
take a look at the Selenium Logger project
Python logs are typically created per module. You can match all submodules by referencing the top
level module. So to work with all loggers in selenium module, you can do this:
.NET does not currently have a Logging implementation
If you want to see as much debugging as possible in all the classes,
you can turn on debugging globally in Ruby by setting $DEBUG = true.
For more fine-tuned control, Ruby Selenium created its own Logger class to wrap the default Logger class.
This implementation provides some interesting additional features.
Obtain the logger directly from the #loggerclass method on the Selenium::WebDriver module:
Things get complicated when you use PyTest, though. By default, PyTest hides logging unless the test
fails. You need to set 3 things to get PyTest to display logs on passing tests.
To always output logs with PyTest you need to run with additional arguments.
First, -s to prevent PyTest from capturing the console.
Second, -p no:logging, which allows you to override the default PyTest logging settings so logs can
be displayed regardless of errors.
So you need to set these flags in your IDE, or run PyTest on command line like:
pytest -s -p no:logging
Finally, since you turned off logging in the arguments above, you now need to add configuration to
turn it back on:
logging.basicConfig(level=logging.WARN)
.NET does not currently have a Logging implementation
Ruby logger has 5 logger levels: :debug, :info, :warn, :error, :fatal.
As of Selenium v4.9.1, The default is :info.
Things are logged as warnings if they are something the user needs to take action on. This is often used
for deprecations. For various reasons, Selenium project does not follow standard Semantic Versioning practices.
Our policy is to mark things as deprecated for 3 releases and then remove them, so deprecations
may be logged as warnings.
This is the default level where Selenium logs things that users should be aware of but do not need to take actions on.
This might reference a new method or direct users to more information about something
Java logging is managed on a per class level, so
instead of using the root logger (Logger.getLogger("")), set the level you want to use on a per-class
basis:
.NET does not currently have a Logging implementation
Ruby’s logger allows you to opt in (“allow”) or opt out (“ignore”) of log messages based on their IDs.
Everything that Selenium logs includes an ID. You can also turn on or off all deprecation notices by
using :deprecations.
These methods accept one or more symbols or an array of symbols:
ChromeOptionschromeOptions=newChromeOptions();chromeOptions.setCapability("browserVersion","100");chromeOptions.setCapability("platformName","Windows");// Showing a test name instead of the session id in the Grid UI
chromeOptions.setCapability("se:name","My simple test");// Other type of metadata can be seen in the Grid UI by clicking on the
// session info or via GraphQL
chromeOptions.setCapability("se:sampleMetadata","Sample metadata value");WebDriverdriver=newRemoteWebDriver(newURL("http://gridUrl:4444"),chromeOptions);driver.get("http://www.google.com");driver.quit();
Selenium Grid のクエリ
Grid 起動後、ステータスを問い合わせる方法は、
Grid UI と API 呼び出しの主に 2 通りあります。
ノードは受信したコマンドを実行するだけで、コマンドの評価・判断や、フロー制御以外の制御は行いません。
ノードが実行されているマシンは、他のコンポーネントと同じ OS を持つ必要はありません。
たとえば、Windows ノードには IE Mode on Edge をブラウザーオプションとして提供する機能がありますが、
これは Linux または Mac では不可能です。
Grid は 複数の Windows, Mac, Linux ノードで構成することが可能です。
The Grid infrastructure will try to match a session request with "se:downloadsEnabled" against ONLY those nodes which were started with --enable-managed-downloads true
If a session is matched, then the Node automatically sets the required capabilities to let the browser know, as to where should a file be downloaded.
The Node now allows a user to:
List all the files that were downloaded for a specific session and
Retrieve a specific file from the list of files.
The directory into which files were downloaded for a specific session gets automatically cleaned up when the session ends (or) timesout due to inactivity.
Note: Currently this capability is ONLY supported on:
Edge
Firefox and
Chrome browser
Listing files that can be downloaded for current session:
The endpoint to GET from is /session/<sessionId>/se/files.
The session needs to be active in order for the command to work.
contents - Base64 encoded zipped contents of the file.
The file contents are Base64 encoded and they need to be unzipped.
List files that can be downloaded
The below mentioned curl example can be used to list all the files that were downloaded by the current session in the Node, and which can be retrieved locally.
curl -X GET "http://localhost:4444/session/90c0149a-2e75-424d-857a-e78734943d4c/se/files"
Below is an example in Java that does the following:
Sets the capability to indicate that the test requires automatic managing of downloaded files.
Triggers a file download via a browser.
Lists the files that are available for retrieval from the remote node (These are essentially files that were downloaded in the current session)
Picks one file and downloads the file from the remote node to the local machine.
import staticjava.util.Collections.singletonMap;import staticorg.openqa.selenium.remote.http.Contents.string;importjava.io.File;importjava.lang.reflect.Type;importjava.net.URL;importjava.util.List;importjava.util.Map;importjava.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;importorg.openqa.selenium.By;importorg.openqa.selenium.WebElement;importorg.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxOptions;importorg.openqa.selenium.io.Zip;importorg.openqa.selenium.json.Json;importorg.openqa.selenium.json.TypeToken;importorg.openqa.selenium.remote.RemoteWebDriver;importorg.openqa.selenium.remote.http.Contents;importorg.openqa.selenium.remote.http.HttpClient;importorg.openqa.selenium.remote.http.HttpMethod;importorg.openqa.selenium.remote.http.HttpRequest;importorg.openqa.selenium.remote.http.HttpResponse;publicclassDownloadsSample{publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args)throwsException{// Assuming the Grid is running locally.
URLgridUrl=newURL("http://localhost:4444");RemoteWebDriverdriver=newRemoteWebDriver(gridUrl,firefoxOptions());try{demoFileDownloads(driver,gridUrl);}finally{driver.quit();}}privatestaticvoiddemoFileDownloads(RemoteWebDriverdriver,URLgridUrl)throwsException{// Make sure the following directory exists on your machine
FiledirToCopyTo=newFile("/usr/downloads/file");driver.get("http://the-internet.herokuapp.com/download");WebElementelement=driver.findElement(By.cssSelector(".example a"));element.click();// The download happens in a remote Node, which makes it difficult to know when the file
// has been completely downloaded. For demonstration purposes, this example uses a
// 10-second sleep which should be enough time for a file to be downloaded.
// We strongly recommend to avoid hardcoded sleeps, and ideally, to modify your
// application under test so it offers a way to know when the file has been completely
// downloaded.
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(10);//This is the endpoint which will provide us with list of files to download and also to
//let us download a specific file.
Stringuri=String.format("/session/%s/se/files",driver.getSessionId());StringfileToDownload=null;try(HttpClientclient=HttpClient.Factory.createDefault().createClient(gridUrl)){// To list all files that are were downloaded on the remote node for the current session
// we trigger GET request.
HttpRequestrequest=newHttpRequest(HttpMethod.GET,uri);HttpResponseresponse=client.execute(request);Stringtext=string(response);TyperesponseType=newTypeToken<Map<String,Map<String,List<String>>>>(){}.getType();Map<String,Map<String,List<String>>>map=newJson().toType(text,responseType);Map<String,List<String>>parsedResponse=map.get("value");for(StringeachFile:parsedResponse.get("names")){if(fileToDownload==null){// Let's say there were "n" files downloaded for the current session, we would like
// to retrieve ONLY the first file.
fileToDownload=eachFile;}}}try(HttpClientclient=HttpClient.Factory.createDefault().createClient(gridUrl)){// To retrieve a specific file from one or more files that were downloaded by the current session
// on a remote node, we use a POST request.
HttpRequestrequest=newHttpRequest(HttpMethod.POST,uri);request.setContent(Contents.asJson(singletonMap("name",fileToDownload)));HttpResponseresponse=client.execute(request);Stringtext=string(response);TyperesponseType=newTypeToken<Map<String,Map<String,String>>>(){}.getType();Map<String,Map<String,String>>map=newJson().toType(text,responseType);Map<String,String>parsedResponse=map.get("value");// The returned map would contain 2 keys,
// filename - This represents the name of the file (same as what was provided by the test)
// contents - Base64 encoded String which contains the zipped file.
StringencodedContents=parsedResponse.get("contents");//The file contents would always be a zip file and has to be unzipped.
Zip.unzip(encodedContents,dirToCopyTo);System.out.println("The file which was "+"downloaded in the node is now available in the directory: "+dirToCopyTo.getAbsolutePath());}}privatestaticFirefoxOptionsfirefoxOptions(){FirefoxOptionsoptions=newFirefoxOptions();// This capability tells the Grid, that this test should be routed ONLY to a node that can
// auto manage downloads.
options.setCapability("se:downloadsEnabled",true);// Options specific for Firefox to avoid prompting a dialog for downloads. They might
// change in the future, so please refer to the Firefox documentation for up to date details.
options.addPreference("browser.download.manager.showWhenStarting",false);options.addPreference("browser.helperApps.neverAsk.saveToDisk","images/jpeg, application/pdf, application/octet-stream");options.addPreference("pdfjs.disabled",true);returnoptions;}}
[node]detect-drivers=falsemax-sessions=2[docker]configs=["selenium/standalone-chrome:93.0","{\"browserName\": \"chrome\", \"browserVersion\": \"91\"}","selenium/standalone-firefox:92.0","{\"browserName\": \"firefox\", \"browserVersion\": \"92\"}"]#Optionally define all device files that should be mapped to docker containers#devices = [# "/dev/kvm:/dev/kvm"#]url="http://localhost:2375"video-image="selenium/video:latest"
[node]detect-drivers=false[relay]# Default Appium/Cloud server endpointurl="http://localhost:4723/wd/hub"status-endpoint="/status"# Stereotypes supported by the service. The initial number is "max-sessions", and will allocate# that many test slots to that particular configurationconfigs=["5","{\"browserName\": \"chrome\", \"platformName\": \"android\", \"appium:platformVersion\": \"11\"}"]
The Node can be instructed to manage downloads automatically. This will cause the Node to save all files that were downloaded for a particular session into a temp directory, which can later be retrieved from the node.
To turn this capability on, use the below configuration:
コンソール - すべてのトレースと、それに含まれるスパンを FINE レベルでログに出力します。デフォルトでは、Selenium サーバーは INFO レベル以上のログを出力します。
log-level フラグを使うと、Selenium Grid jar を実行する際に任意のログレベルを指定することができます。
java -jar selenium-server-4.0.0-<selenium-version>.jar standalone --log-level FINE
Jaeger UI - OpenTelemetry は、コード内のトレースを計測するための API と SDK を提供します。一方、Jaeger はトレースのバックエンドで、トレースのテレメトリデータを収集し、データのクエリ、フィルタリング、ビジュアライズの機能を提供します。
cURL --request GET 'http://localhost:4444/se/grid/newsessionqueue/queue'
完全分散モードでは、キューの URL は 新規セッションキューのアドレスになります。
cURL --request GET 'http://localhost:5559/se/grid/newsessionqueue/queue'
3.6.4 - Customizing a Node
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How to customize a Node
There are times when we would like a Node to be customized to our needs.
For e.g., we may like to do some additional setup before a session begins execution and some clean-up after a session runs to completion.
Following steps can be followed for this:
Create a class that extends org.openqa.selenium.grid.node.Node
Add a static method (this will be our factory method) to the newly created class whose signature looks like this:
public static Node create(Config config). Here:
Node is of type org.openqa.selenium.grid.node.Node
Config is of type org.openqa.selenium.grid.config.Config
Within this factory method, include logic for creating your new Class.
To wire in this new customized logic into the hub, start the node and pass in the fully qualified class name of the above class to the argument --node-implementation
Let’s see an example of all this:
Custom Node as an uber jar
Create a sample project using your favourite build tool (Maven|Gradle).
Note: If you are using Maven as a build tool, please prefer using maven-shade-plugin instead of maven-assembly-plugin because maven-assembly plugin seems to have issues with being able to merge multiple Service Provider Interface files (META-INF/services)
Custom Node as a regular jar
Create a sample project using your favourite build tool (Maven|Gradle).
Below is a sample that just prints some messages on to the console whenever there’s an activity of interest (session created, session deleted, a webdriver command executed etc.,) on the Node.
Sample customized node
packageorg.seleniumhq.samples;importjava.net.URI;importjava.util.UUID;importorg.openqa.selenium.Capabilities;importorg.openqa.selenium.NoSuchSessionException;importorg.openqa.selenium.WebDriverException;importorg.openqa.selenium.grid.config.Config;importorg.openqa.selenium.grid.data.CreateSessionRequest;importorg.openqa.selenium.grid.data.CreateSessionResponse;importorg.openqa.selenium.grid.data.NodeId;importorg.openqa.selenium.grid.data.NodeStatus;importorg.openqa.selenium.grid.data.Session;importorg.openqa.selenium.grid.log.LoggingOptions;importorg.openqa.selenium.grid.node.HealthCheck;importorg.openqa.selenium.grid.node.Node;importorg.openqa.selenium.grid.node.local.LocalNodeFactory;importorg.openqa.selenium.grid.security.Secret;importorg.openqa.selenium.grid.security.SecretOptions;importorg.openqa.selenium.grid.server.BaseServerOptions;importorg.openqa.selenium.internal.Either;importorg.openqa.selenium.remote.SessionId;importorg.openqa.selenium.remote.http.HttpRequest;importorg.openqa.selenium.remote.http.HttpResponse;importorg.openqa.selenium.remote.tracing.Tracer;publicclassDecoratedLoggingNodeextendsNode{privateNodenode;protectedDecoratedLoggingNode(Tracertracer,URIuri,SecretregistrationSecret){super(tracer,newNodeId(UUID.randomUUID()),uri,registrationSecret);}publicstaticNodecreate(Configconfig){LoggingOptionsloggingOptions=newLoggingOptions(config);BaseServerOptionsserverOptions=newBaseServerOptions(config);URIuri=serverOptions.getExternalUri();SecretOptionssecretOptions=newSecretOptions(config);// Refer to the foot notes for additional context on this line.
Nodenode=LocalNodeFactory.create(config);DecoratedLoggingNodewrapper=newDecoratedLoggingNode(loggingOptions.getTracer(),uri,secretOptions.getRegistrationSecret());wrapper.node=node;returnwrapper;}@OverridepublicEither<WebDriverException,CreateSessionResponse>newSession(CreateSessionRequestsessionRequest){System.out.println("Before newSession()");try{returnthis.node.newSession(sessionRequest);}finally{System.out.println("After newSession()");}}@OverridepublicHttpResponseexecuteWebDriverCommand(HttpRequestreq){try{System.out.println("Before executeWebDriverCommand(): "+req.getUri());returnnode.executeWebDriverCommand(req);}finally{System.out.println("After executeWebDriverCommand()");}}@OverridepublicSessiongetSession(SessionIdid)throwsNoSuchSessionException{try{System.out.println("Before getSession()");returnnode.getSession(id);}finally{System.out.println("After getSession()");}}@OverridepublicHttpResponseuploadFile(HttpRequestreq,SessionIdid){try{System.out.println("Before uploadFile()");returnnode.uploadFile(req,id);}finally{System.out.println("After uploadFile()");}}@Overridepublicvoidstop(SessionIdid)throwsNoSuchSessionException{try{System.out.println("Before stop()");node.stop(id);}finally{System.out.println("After stop()");}}@OverridepublicbooleanisSessionOwner(SessionIdid){try{System.out.println("Before isSessionOwner()");returnnode.isSessionOwner(id);}finally{System.out.println("After isSessionOwner()");}}@OverridepublicbooleanisSupporting(Capabilitiescapabilities){try{System.out.println("Before isSupporting");returnnode.isSupporting(capabilities);}finally{System.out.println("After isSupporting()");}}@OverridepublicNodeStatusgetStatus(){try{System.out.println("Before getStatus()");returnnode.getStatus();}finally{System.out.println("After getStatus()");}}@OverridepublicHealthCheckgetHealthCheck(){try{System.out.println("Before getHealthCheck()");returnnode.getHealthCheck();}finally{System.out.println("After getHealthCheck()");}}@Overridepublicvoiddrain(){try{System.out.println("Before drain()");node.drain();}finally{System.out.println("After drain()");}}@OverridepublicbooleanisReady(){try{System.out.println("Before isReady()");returnnode.isReady();}finally{System.out.println("After isReady()");}}}
Foot Notes:
In the above example, the line Node node = LocalNodeFactory.create(config); explicitly creates a LocalNode.
There are basically 2 types of user facing implementations of org.openqa.selenium.grid.node.Node available.
These classes are good starting points to learn how to build a custom Node and also to learn the internals of a Node.
org.openqa.selenium.grid.node.local.LocalNode - Used to represent a long running Node and is the default implementation that gets wired in when you start a node.
It can be created by calling LocalNodeFactory.create(config);, where:
LocalNodeFactory belongs to org.openqa.selenium.grid.node.local
Config belongs to org.openqa.selenium.grid.config
org.openqa.selenium.grid.node.k8s.OneShotNode - This is a special reference implementation wherein the Node gracefully shuts itself down after servicing one test session. This class is currently not available as part of any pre-built maven artifact.
You can refer to the source code here to understand its internals.
Selenium Grid allows you to persist information related to currently running sessions into an external data store.
The external data store could be backed by your favourite database (or) Redis Cache system.
Setup
Coursier - As a dependency resolver, so that we can download maven artifacts on the fly and make them available in our classpath
Docker - To manage our PostGreSQL/Redis docker containers.
Database backed Session Map
For the sake of this illustration, we are going to work with PostGreSQL database.
We will spin off a PostGreSQL database as a docker container using a docker compose file.
Steps
You can skip this step if you already have a PostGreSQL database instance available at your disposal.
Create a sql file named init.sql with the below contents:
We can now start our database container by running:
docker-compose up -d
Our database name is selenium_sessions with its username and password set to seluser
If you are working with an already running PostGreSQL DB instance, then you just need to create a database named selenium_sessions and the table sessions_map using the above mentioned SQL statement.
Create a Selenium Grid configuration file named sessions.toml with the below contents:
At this point the current directory should contain the following files:
docker-compose.yml
init.sql
sessions.toml
distributed.sh
You can now spawn the Grid by running distributed.sh shell script and quickly run a test. You will notice that the Grid now stores session information into the PostGreSQL database.
In the line which spawns a SessionMap on a machine:
At this point the current directory should contain the following files:
docker-compose.yml
sessions.toml
distributed.sh
You can now spawn the Grid by running distributed.sh shell script and quickly run a test. You will notice that the Grid now stores session information into the Redis instance. You can perhaps make use of a Redis GUI such as TablePlus to see them (Make sure that you have setup a debug point in your test, because the values will get deleted as soon as the test runs to completion).
In the line which spawns a SessionMap on a machine:
We use the W3C WebDriver protocol to communicate with a local instance of an HTTP server. This greatly simplifies the implementation of the language-specific code, and minimzes the number of entry points into the C++ DLL that must be called using a native-code interop technology such as JNA, ctypes, pinvoke or DL.
Memory Management
The IE driver utilizes the Active Template Library (ATL) to take advantage of its implementation of smart pointers to COM objects. This makes reference counting and cleanup of COM objects much easier.
Why Do We Require Protected Mode Settings Changes?
IE 7 on Windows Vista introduced the concept of Protected Mode, which allows for some measure of protection to the underlying Windows OS when browsing. The problem is that when you manipulate an instance of IE via COM, and you navigate to a page that would cause a transition into or out of Protected Mode, IE requires that another browser session be created. This will orphan the COM object of the previous session, not allowing you to control it any longer.
In IE 7, this will usually manifest itself as a new top-level browser window; in IE 8, a new IExplore.exe process will be created, but it will usually (not always!) seamlessly attach it to the existing IE top-level frame window. Any browser automation framework that drives IE externally (as opposed to using a WebBrowser control) will run into these problems.
In order to work around that problem, we dictate that to work with IE, all zones must have the same Protected Mode setting. As long as it’s on for all zones, or off for all zones, we can prevent the transistions to different Protected Mode zones that would invalidate our browser object. It also allows users to continue to run with UAC turned on, and to run securely in the browser if they set Protected Mode “on” for all zones.
In earlier releases of the IE driver, if the user’s Protected Mode settings were not correctly set, we would launch IE, and the process would simply hang until the HTTP request timed out. This was suboptimal, as it gave no indication what needed to be set. Erring on the side of caution, we do not modify the user’s Protected Mode settings. Current versions, however check that the Protected Mode settings are properly set, and will return an error response if they are not.
There are two ways that we could simulate keyboard and mouse input. The first way, which is used in parts of webdriver, is to synthesize events on the DOM. This has a number of drawbacks, since each browser (and version of a browser) has its own unique quirks; to model each of these is a demanding task, and impossible to get completely right (for example, it’s hard to tell what window.selection should be and this is a read-only property on some browsers) The alternative approach is to synthesize keyboard and mouse input at the OS level, ideally without stealing focus from the user (who tends to be doing other things on their computer as long-running webdriver tests run)
The code for doing this is in interactions.cpp The key thing to note here is that we use PostMessages to push window events on to the message queue of the IE instance. Typing, in particular, is interesting: we only send the “keydown” and “keyup” messages. The “keypress” event is created if necessary by IE’s internal event processing. Because the key press event is not always generated (for example, not every character is printable, and if the default event bubbling is cancelled, listeners don’t see the key press event) we send a “probe” event in after the key down. Once we see that this has been processed, we know that the key press event is on the stack of events to be processed, and that it is safe to send the key up event. If this was not done, it is possible for events to fire in the wrong order, which is definitely sub-optimal.
Working On the InternetExplorerDriver
Currently, there are tests that will run for the InternetExplorerDriver in all languages (Java, C#, Python, and Ruby), so you should be able to test your changes to the native code no matter what language you’re comfortable working in from the client side. For working on the C++ code, you’ll need Visual Studio 2010 Professional or higher. Unfortunately, the C++ code of the driver uses ATL to ease the pain of working with COM objects, and ATL is not supplied with Visual C++ 2010 Express Edition. If you’re using Eclipse, the process for making and testing modifications is:
Edit the C++ code in VS.
Build the code to ensure that it compiles
Do a complete rebuild when you are ready to run a test. This will cause the created DLL to be copied to the right place to allow its use in Eclipse
Load Eclipse (or some other IDE, such as Idea)
Edit the SingleTestSuite so that it is usingDriver(IE)
Create a JUnit run configuration that uses the “webdriver-internet-explorer” project. If you don’t do this, the test won’t work at all, and there will be a somewhat cryptic error message on the console.
Once the basic setup is done, you can start working on the code pretty quickly. You can attach to the process you execute your code from using Visual Studio (from the Debug menu, select Attach to Process…).
5 - Selenium IDE
Selenium IDEは、ユーザーのアクションを記録および再生するブラウザー拡張機能です。
Seleniumの統合開発環境(Selenium IDE)は、
各要素のコンテキストによって定義されたパラメーターを使用して、
既存のSeleniumコマンドを使用してブラウザーでのユーザーのアクションを記録する、使いやすいブラウザー拡張機能です。
これは、Seleniumの構文を学習するための優れた方法を提供します。
Google Chrome、Mozilla Firefox、およびMicrosoftEdgeで利用できます。
@Overrideprotectedvoidload(){driver.get("https://github.com/SeleniumHQ/selenium/issues/new");}@OverrideprotectedvoidisLoaded()throwsError{Stringurl=driver.getCurrentUrl();assertTrue("Not on the issue entry page: "+url,url.endsWith("/new"));}
packagecom.example.webdriver;importorg.openqa.selenium.By;importorg.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;importorg.openqa.selenium.WebElement;importorg.openqa.selenium.support.FindBy;importorg.openqa.selenium.support.PageFactory;import staticjunit.framework.Assert.assertTrue;publicclassEditIssueextendsLoadableComponent<EditIssue>{privatefinalWebDriverdriver;// By default the PageFactory will locate elements with the same name or id
// as the field. Since the summary element has a name attribute of "summary"
// we don't need any additional annotations.
privateWebElementsummary;// Same with the submit element, which has the ID "submit"
privateWebElementsubmit;// But we'd prefer a different name in our code than "comment", so we use the
// FindBy annotation to tell the PageFactory how to locate the element.
@FindBy(name="comment")privateWebElementdescription;publicEditIssue(WebDriverdriver){this.driver=driver;// This call sets the WebElement fields.
PageFactory.initElements(driver,this);}@Overrideprotectedvoidload(){driver.get("https://github.com/SeleniumHQ/selenium/issues/new");}@OverrideprotectedvoidisLoaded()throwsError{Stringurl=driver.getCurrentUrl();assertTrue("Not on the issue entry page: "+url,url.endsWith("/new"));}publicvoidsetSummary(StringissueSummary){clearAndType(summary,issueSummary);}publicvoidenterDescription(StringissueDescription){clearAndType(description,issueDescription);}publicIssueListsubmit(){submit.click();returnnewIssueList(driver);}privatevoidclearAndType(WebElementfield,Stringtext){field.clear();field.sendKeys(text);}}
packagecom.example.webdriver;importorg.openqa.selenium.By;importorg.openqa.selenium.NoSuchElementException;importorg.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;importorg.openqa.selenium.WebElement;import staticorg.junit.Assert.fail;publicclassSecuredPageextendsLoadableComponent<SecuredPage>{privatefinalWebDriverdriver;privatefinalLoadableComponent<?>parent;privatefinalStringusername;privatefinalStringpassword;publicSecuredPage(WebDriverdriver,LoadableComponent<?>parent,Stringusername,Stringpassword){this.driver=driver;this.parent=parent;this.username=username;this.password=password;}@Overrideprotectedvoidload(){parent.get();StringoriginalUrl=driver.getCurrentUrl();// Sign in
driver.get("https://www.google.com/accounts/ServiceLogin?service=code");driver.findElement(By.name("Email")).sendKeys(username);WebElementpasswordField=driver.findElement(By.name("Passwd"));passwordField.sendKeys(password);passwordField.submit();// Now return to the original URL
driver.get(originalUrl);}@OverrideprotectedvoidisLoaded()throwsError{// If you're signed in, you have the option of picking a different login.
// Let's check for the presence of that.
try{WebElementdiv=driver.findElement(By.id("multilogin-dropdown"));}catch(NoSuchElementExceptione){fail("Cannot locate user name link");}}}
publicclassFooTest{privateEditIssueeditIssue;@BeforepublicvoidprepareComponents(){WebDriverdriver=newFirefoxDriver();ProjectPageproject=newProjectPage(driver,"selenium");SecuredPagesecuredPage=newSecuredPage(driver,project,"example","top secret");editIssue=newEditIssue(driver,securedPage);}@TestpublicvoiddemonstrateNestedLoadableComponents(){editIssue.get();editIssue.setSummary("Summary");editIssue.enterDescription("This is an example");}}
publicclassActionBot{privatefinalWebDriverdriver;publicActionBot(WebDriverdriver){this.driver=driver;}publicvoidclick(Bylocator){driver.findElement(locator).click();}publicvoidsubmit(Bylocator){driver.findElement(locator).submit();}/**
* Type something into an input field. WebDriver doesn't normally clear these
* before typing, so this method does that first. It also sends a return key
* to move the focus out of the element.
*/publicvoidtype(Bylocator,Stringtext){WebElementelement=driver.findElement(locator);element.clear();element.sendKeys(text+"\n");}}
// Create a user who has read-only permissions--they can configure a unicorn,
// but they do not have payment information set up, nor do they have
// administrative privileges. At the time the user is created, its email
// address and password are randomly generated--you don't even need to
// know them.
Useruser=UserFactory.createCommonUser();//This method is defined elsewhere.
// Log in as this user.
// Logging in on this site takes you to your personal "My Account" page, so the
// AccountPage object is returned by the loginAs method, allowing you to then
// perform actions from the AccountPage.
AccountPageaccountPage=loginAs(user.getEmail(),user.getPassword());
# Create a user who has read-only permissions--they can configure a unicorn,# but they do not have payment information set up, nor do they have# administrative privileges. At the time the user is created, its email# address and password are randomly generated--you don't even need to# know them.user=user_factory.create_common_user()#This method is defined elsewhere.# Log in as this user.# Logging in on this site takes you to your personal "My Account" page, so the# AccountPage object is returned by the loginAs method, allowing you to then# perform actions from the AccountPage.account_page=login_as(user.get_email(),user.get_password())
// Create a user who has read-only permissions--they can configure a unicorn,// but they do not have payment information set up, nor do they have// administrative privileges. At the time the user is created, its email// address and password are randomly generated--you don't even need to// know them.Useruser=UserFactory.CreateCommonUser();//This method is defined elsewhere.// Log in as this user.// Logging in on this site takes you to your personal "My Account" page, so the// AccountPage object is returned by the loginAs method, allowing you to then// perform actions from the AccountPage.AccountPageaccountPage=LoginAs(user.Email,user.Password);
# Create a user who has read-only permissions--they can configure a unicorn,# but they do not have payment information set up, nor do they have# administrative privileges. At the time the user is created, its email# address and password are randomly generated--you don't even need to# know them.user=UserFactory.create_common_user#This method is defined elsewhere.# Log in as this user.# Logging in on this site takes you to your personal "My Account" page, so the# AccountPage object is returned by the loginAs method, allowing you to then# perform actions from the AccountPage.account_page=login_as(user.email,user.password)
// Create a user who has read-only permissions--they can configure a unicorn,
// but they do not have payment information set up, nor do they have
// administrative privileges. At the time the user is created, its email
// address and password are randomly generated--you don't even need to
// know them.
varuser=userFactory.createCommonUser();//This method is defined elsewhere.
// Log in as this user.
// Logging in on this site takes you to your personal "My Account" page, so the
// AccountPage object is returned by the loginAs method, allowing you to then
// perform actions from the AccountPage.
varaccountPage=loginAs(user.email,user.password);
// Create a user who has read-only permissions--they can configure a unicorn,
// but they do not have payment information set up, nor do they have
// administrative privileges. At the time the user is created, its email
// address and password are randomly generated--you don't even need to
// know them.
valuser=UserFactory.createCommonUser()//This method is defined elsewhere.
// Log in as this user.
// Logging in on this site takes you to your personal "My Account" page, so the
// AccountPage object is returned by the loginAs method, allowing you to then
// perform actions from the AccountPage.
valaccountPage=loginAs(user.getEmail(),user.getPassword())
// The Unicorn is a top-level Object--it has attributes, which are set here.
// This only stores the values; it does not fill out any web forms or interact
// with the browser in any way.
Unicornsparkles=newUnicorn("Sparkles",UnicornColors.PURPLE,UnicornAccessories.SUNGLASSES,UnicornAdornments.STAR_TATTOOS);// Since we are already "on" the account page, we have to use it to get to the
// actual place where you configure unicorns. Calling the "Add Unicorn" method
// takes us there.
AddUnicornPageaddUnicornPage=accountPage.addUnicorn();// Now that we're on the AddUnicornPage, we will pass the "sparkles" object to
// its createUnicorn() method. This method will take Sparkles' attributes,
// fill out the form, and click submit.
UnicornConfirmationPageunicornConfirmationPage=addUnicornPage.createUnicorn(sparkles);
# The Unicorn is a top-level Object--it has attributes, which are set here.# This only stores the values; it does not fill out any web forms or interact# with the browser in any way.sparkles=Unicorn("Sparkles",UnicornColors.PURPLE,UnicornAccessories.SUNGLASSES,UnicornAdornments.STAR_TATTOOS)# Since we're already "on" the account page, we have to use it to get to the# actual place where you configure unicorns. Calling the "Add Unicorn" method# takes us there.add_unicorn_page=account_page.add_unicorn()# Now that we're on the AddUnicornPage, we will pass the "sparkles" object to# its createUnicorn() method. This method will take Sparkles' attributes,# fill out the form, and click submit.unicorn_confirmation_page=add_unicorn_page.create_unicorn(sparkles)
// The Unicorn is a top-level Object--it has attributes, which are set here. // This only stores the values; it does not fill out any web forms or interact// with the browser in any way.Unicornsparkles=newUnicorn("Sparkles",UnicornColors.Purple,UnicornAccessories.Sunglasses,UnicornAdornments.StarTattoos);// Since we are already "on" the account page, we have to use it to get to the// actual place where you configure unicorns. Calling the "Add Unicorn" method// takes us there.AddUnicornPageaddUnicornPage=accountPage.AddUnicorn();// Now that we're on the AddUnicornPage, we will pass the "sparkles" object to// its createUnicorn() method. This method will take Sparkles' attributes,// fill out the form, and click submit.UnicornConfirmationPageunicornConfirmationPage=addUnicornPage.CreateUnicorn(sparkles);
# The Unicorn is a top-level Object--it has attributes, which are set here.# This only stores the values; it does not fill out any web forms or interact# with the browser in any way.sparkles=Unicorn.new('Sparkles',UnicornColors.PURPLE,UnicornAccessories.SUNGLASSES,UnicornAdornments.STAR_TATTOOS)# Since we're already "on" the account page, we have to use it to get to the# actual place where you configure unicorns. Calling the "Add Unicorn" method# takes us there.add_unicorn_page=account_page.add_unicorn# Now that we're on the AddUnicornPage, we will pass the "sparkles" object to# its createUnicorn() method. This method will take Sparkles' attributes,# fill out the form, and click submit.unicorn_confirmation_page=add_unicorn_page.create_unicorn(sparkles)
// The Unicorn is a top-level Object--it has attributes, which are set here.
// This only stores the values; it does not fill out any web forms or interact
// with the browser in any way.
varsparkles=newUnicorn("Sparkles",UnicornColors.PURPLE,UnicornAccessories.SUNGLASSES,UnicornAdornments.STAR_TATTOOS);// Since we are already "on" the account page, we have to use it to get to the
// actual place where you configure unicorns. Calling the "Add Unicorn" method
// takes us there.
varaddUnicornPage=accountPage.addUnicorn();// Now that we're on the AddUnicornPage, we will pass the "sparkles" object to
// its createUnicorn() method. This method will take Sparkles' attributes,
// fill out the form, and click submit.
varunicornConfirmationPage=addUnicornPage.createUnicorn(sparkles);
// The Unicorn is a top-level Object--it has attributes, which are set here.
// This only stores the values; it does not fill out any web forms or interact
// with the browser in any way.
valsparkles=Unicorn("Sparkles",UnicornColors.PURPLE,UnicornAccessories.SUNGLASSES,UnicornAdornments.STAR_TATTOOS)// Since we are already "on" the account page, we have to use it to get to the
// actual place where you configure unicorns. Calling the "Add Unicorn" method
// takes us there.
valaddUnicornPage=accountPage.addUnicorn()// Now that we're on the AddUnicornPage, we will pass the "sparkles" object to
// its createUnicorn() method. This method will take Sparkles' attributes,
// fill out the form, and click submit.
unicornConfirmationPage=addUnicornPage.createUnicorn(sparkles)
// The exists() method from UnicornConfirmationPage will take the Sparkles
// object--a specification of the attributes you want to see, and compare
// them with the fields on the page.
Assert.assertTrue("Sparkles should have been created, with all attributes intact",unicornConfirmationPage.exists(sparkles));
# The exists() method from UnicornConfirmationPage will take the Sparkles# object--a specification of the attributes you want to see, and compare# them with the fields on the page.assertunicorn_confirmation_page.exists(sparkles),"Sparkles should have been created, with all attributes intact"
// The exists() method from UnicornConfirmationPage will take the Sparkles // object--a specification of the attributes you want to see, and compare// them with the fields on the page.Assert.True(unicornConfirmationPage.Exists(sparkles),"Sparkles should have been created, with all attributes intact");
# The exists() method from UnicornConfirmationPage will take the Sparkles# object--a specification of the attributes you want to see, and compare# them with the fields on the page.expect(unicorn_confirmation_page.exists?(sparkles)).tobe,'Sparkles should have been created, with all attributes intact'
// The exists() method from UnicornConfirmationPage will take the Sparkles
// object--a specification of the attributes you want to see, and compare
// them with the fields on the page.
assert(unicornConfirmationPage.exists(sparkles),"Sparkles should have been created, with all attributes intact");
// The exists() method from UnicornConfirmationPage will take the Sparkles
// object--a specification of the attributes you want to see, and compare
// them with the fields on the page.
assertTrue("Sparkles should have been created, with all attributes intact",unicornConfirmationPage.exists(sparkles))
Note: this page has merged contents from multiple sources, including
the Selenium wiki
Overview
Within your web app’s UI, there are areas where your tests interact with.
A Page Object only models these as objects within the test code.
This reduces the amount of duplicated code and means that if the UI changes,
the fix needs only to be applied in one place.
Page Object is a Design Pattern that has become popular in test automation for
enhancing test maintenance and reducing code duplication. A page object is an
object-oriented class that serves as an interface to a page of your AUT. The
tests then use the methods of this page object class whenever they need to
interact with the UI of that page. The benefit is that if the UI changes for
the page, the tests themselves don’t need to change, only the code within the
page object needs to change. Subsequently, all changes to support that new UI
are located in one place.
Advantages
There is a clean separation between the test code and page-specific code, such as
locators (or their use if you’re using a UI Map) and layout.
There is a single repository for the services or operations the page offers
rather than having these services scattered throughout the tests.
In both cases, this allows any modifications required due to UI changes to all
be made in one place. Helpful information on this technique can be found on
numerous blogs as this ‘test design pattern’ is becoming widely used. We
encourage readers who wish to know more to search the internet for blogs
on this subject. Many have written on this design pattern and can provide
helpful tips beyond the scope of this user guide. To get you started,
we’ll illustrate page objects with a simple example.
Examples
First, consider an example, typical of test automation, that does not use a
page object:
/***
* Tests login feature
*/publicclassLogin{publicvoidtestLogin(){// fill login data on sign-in page
driver.findElement(By.name("user_name")).sendKeys("userName");driver.findElement(By.name("password")).sendKeys("my supersecret password");driver.findElement(By.name("sign-in")).click();// verify h1 tag is "Hello userName" after login
driver.findElement(By.tagName("h1")).isDisplayed();assertThat(driver.findElement(By.tagName("h1")).getText(),is("Hello userName"));}}
There are two problems with this approach.
There is no separation between the test method and the AUT’s locators (IDs in
this example); both are intertwined in a single method. If the AUT’s UI changes
its identifiers, layout, or how a login is input and processed, the test itself
must change.
The ID-locators would be spread in multiple tests, in all tests that had to
use this login page.
Applying the page object techniques, this example could be rewritten like this
in the following example of a page object for a Sign-in page.
importorg.openqa.selenium.By;importorg.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;/**
* Page Object encapsulates the Sign-in page.
*/publicclassSignInPage{protectedWebDriverdriver;// <input name="user_name" type="text" value="">
privateByusernameBy=By.name("user_name");// <input name="password" type="password" value="">
privateBypasswordBy=By.name("password");// <input name="sign_in" type="submit" value="SignIn">
privateBysigninBy=By.name("sign_in");publicSignInPage(WebDriverdriver){this.driver=driver;if(!driver.getTitle().equals("Sign In Page")){thrownewIllegalStateException("This is not Sign In Page,"+" current page is: "+driver.getCurrentUrl());}}/**
* Login as valid user
*
* @param userName
* @param password
* @return HomePage object
*/publicHomePageloginValidUser(StringuserName,Stringpassword){driver.findElement(usernameBy).sendKeys(userName);driver.findElement(passwordBy).sendKeys(password);driver.findElement(signinBy).click();returnnewHomePage(driver);}}
and page object for a Home page could look like this.
importorg.openqa.selenium.By;importorg.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;/**
* Page Object encapsulates the Home Page
*/publicclassHomePage{protectedWebDriverdriver;// <h1>Hello userName</h1>
privateBymessageBy=By.tagName("h1");publicHomePage(WebDriverdriver){this.driver=driver;if(!driver.getTitle().equals("Home Page of logged in user")){thrownewIllegalStateException("This is not Home Page of logged in user,"+" current page is: "+driver.getCurrentUrl());}}/**
* Get message (h1 tag)
*
* @return String message text
*/publicStringgetMessageText(){returndriver.findElement(messageBy).getText();}publicHomePagemanageProfile(){// Page encapsulation to manage profile functionality
returnnewHomePage(driver);}/* More methods offering the services represented by Home Page
of Logged User. These methods in turn might return more Page Objects
for example click on Compose mail button could return ComposeMail class object */}
So now, the login test would use these two page objects as follows.
There is a lot of flexibility in how the page objects may be designed, but
there are a few basic rules for getting the desired maintainability of your
test code.
Assertions in Page Objects
Page objects themselves should never make verifications or assertions. This is
part of your test and should always be within the test’s code, never in an page
object. The page object will contain the representation of the page, and the
services the page provides via methods but no code related to what is being
tested should be within the page object.
There is one, single, verification which can, and should, be within the page
object and that is to verify that the page, and possibly critical elements on
the page, were loaded correctly. This verification should be done while
instantiating the page object. In the examples above, both the SignInPage and
HomePage constructors check that the expected page is available and ready for
requests from the test.
Page Component Objects
A page object does not necessarily need to represent all the parts of a
page itself. The same principles used for page objects can be used to
create “Page Component Objects” that represent discrete chunks of the
page and can be included in page objects. These component objects can
provide references to the elements inside those discrete chunks, and
methods to leverage the functionality provided by them.
For example, a Product page has multiple products.
<!-- Inventory Item --><divclass="inventory_item"><divclass="inventory_item_name">Backpack</div><divclass="pricebar"><divclass="inventory_item_price">$29.99</div><buttonid="add-to-cart-backpack">Add to cart</button></div></div>
The Product page HAS-A list of products. This relationship is called Composition. In simpler terms, something is composed of another thing.
publicabstractclassBasePage{protectedWebDriverdriver;publicBasePage(WebDriverdriver){this.driver=driver;}}// Page Object
publicclassProductsPageextendsBasePage{publicProductsPage(WebDriverdriver){super(driver);// No assertions, throws an exception if the element is not loaded
newWebDriverWait(driver,Duration.ofSeconds(3)).until(d->d.findElement(By.className("header_container")));}// Returning a list of products is a service of the page
publicList<Product>getProducts(){returndriver.findElements(By.className("inventory_item")).stream().map(e->newProduct(e))// Map WebElement to a product component
.toList();}// Return a specific product using a boolean-valued function (predicate)
// This is the behavioral Strategy Pattern from GoF
publicProductgetProduct(Predicate<Product>condition){returngetProducts().stream().filter(condition)// Filter by product name or price
.findFirst().orElseThrow();}}
The Product component object is used inside the Products page object.
publicabstractclassBaseComponent{protectedWebElementroot;publicBaseComponent(WebElementroot){this.root=root;}}// Page Component Object
publicclassProductextendsBaseComponent{// The root element contains the entire component
publicProduct(WebElementroot){super(root);// inventory_item
}publicStringgetName(){// Locating an element begins at the root of the component
returnroot.findElement(By.className("inventory_item_name")).getText();}publicBigDecimalgetPrice(){returnnewBigDecimal(root.findElement(By.className("inventory_item_price")).getText().replace("$","")).setScale(2,RoundingMode.UNNECESSARY);// Sanitation and formatting
}publicvoidaddToCart(){root.findElement(By.id("add-to-cart-backpack")).click();}}
So now, the products test would use the page object and the page component object as follows.
publicclassProductsTest{@TestpublicvoidtestProductInventory(){varproductsPage=newProductsPage(driver);varproducts=productsPage.getProducts();assertEquals(6,products.size());// expected, actual
}@TestpublicvoidtestProductPrices(){varproductsPage=newProductsPage(driver);// Pass a lambda expression (predicate) to filter the list of products
// The predicate or "strategy" is the behavior passed as parameter
varbackpack=productsPage.getProduct(p->p.getName().equals("Backpack"));varbikeLight=productsPage.getProduct(p->p.getName().equals("Bike Light"));assertEquals(newBigDecimal("29.99"),backpack.getPrice());assertEquals(newBigDecimal("9.99"),bikeLight.getPrice());}}
The page and component are represented by their own objects. Both objects only have methods for the services they offer, which matches the real-world application in object-oriented programming.
You can even
nest component objects inside other component objects for more complex
pages. If a page in the AUT has multiple components, or common
components used throughout the site (e.g. a navigation bar), then it
may improve maintainability and reduce code duplication.
Other Design Patterns Used in Testing
There are other design patterns that also may be used in testing. Some use a
Page Factory for instantiating their page objects. Discussing all of these is
beyond the scope of this user guide. Here, we merely want to introduce the
concepts to make the reader aware of some of the things that can be done. As
was mentioned earlier, many have blogged on this topic and we encourage the
reader to search for blogs on these topics.
Implementation Notes
PageObjects can be thought of as facing in two directions simultaneously. Facing toward the developer of a test, they represent the services offered by a particular page. Facing away from the developer, they should be the only thing that has a deep knowledge of the structure of the HTML of a page (or part of a page) It’s simplest to think of the methods on a Page Object as offering the “services” that a page offers rather than exposing the details and mechanics of the page. As an example, think of the inbox of any web-based email system. Amongst the services it offers are the ability to compose a new email, choose to read a single email, and list the subject lines of the emails in the inbox. How these are implemented shouldn’t matter to the test.
Because we’re encouraging the developer of a test to try and think about the services they’re interacting with rather than the implementation, PageObjects should seldom expose the underlying WebDriver instance. To facilitate this, methods on the PageObject should return other PageObjects. This means we can effectively model the user’s journey through our application. It also means that should the way that pages relate to one another change (like when the login page asks the user to change their password the first time they log into a service when it previously didn’t do that), simply changing the appropriate method’s signature will cause the tests to fail to compile. Put another way; we can tell which tests would fail without needing to run them when we change the relationship between pages and reflect this in the PageObjects.
One consequence of this approach is that it may be necessary to model (for example) both a successful and unsuccessful login; or a click could have a different result depending on the app’s state. When this happens, it is common to have multiple methods on the PageObject:
public class LoginPage {
public HomePage loginAs(String username, String password) {
// ... clever magic happens here
}
public LoginPage loginAsExpectingError(String username, String password) {
// ... failed login here, maybe because one or both of the username and password are wrong
}
public String getErrorMessage() {
// So we can verify that the correct error is shown
}
}
The code presented above shows an important point: the tests, not the PageObjects, should be responsible for making assertions about the state of a page. For example:
public void testMessagesAreReadOrUnread() {
Inbox inbox = new Inbox(driver);
inbox.assertMessageWithSubjectIsUnread("I like cheese");
inbox.assertMessageWithSubjectIsNotUnread("I'm not fond of tofu");
}
could be re-written as:
public void testMessagesAreReadOrUnread() {
Inbox inbox = new Inbox(driver);
assertTrue(inbox.isMessageWithSubjectIsUnread("I like cheese"));
assertFalse(inbox.isMessageWithSubjectIsUnread("I'm not fond of tofu"));
}
Of course, as with every guideline, there are exceptions, and one that is commonly seen with PageObjects is to check that the WebDriver is on the correct page when we instantiate the PageObject. This is done in the example below.
Finally, a PageObject need not represent an entire page. It may represent a section that appears frequently within a site or page, such as site navigation. The essential principle is that there is only one place in your test suite with knowledge of the structure of the HTML of a particular (part of a) page.
Summary
The public methods represent the services that the page offers
Try not to expose the internals of the page
Generally don’t make assertions
Methods return other PageObjects
Need not represent an entire page
Different results for the same action are modelled as different methods
Example
public class LoginPage {
private final WebDriver driver;
public LoginPage(WebDriver driver) {
this.driver = driver;
// Check that we're on the right page.
if (!"Login".equals(driver.getTitle())) {
// Alternatively, we could navigate to the login page, perhaps logging out first
throw new IllegalStateException("This is not the login page");
}
}
// The login page contains several HTML elements that will be represented as WebElements.
// The locators for these elements should only be defined once.
By usernameLocator = By.id("username");
By passwordLocator = By.id("passwd");
By loginButtonLocator = By.id("login");
// The login page allows the user to type their username into the username field
public LoginPage typeUsername(String username) {
// This is the only place that "knows" how to enter a username
driver.findElement(usernameLocator).sendKeys(username);
// Return the current page object as this action doesn't navigate to a page represented by another PageObject
return this;
}
// The login page allows the user to type their password into the password field
public LoginPage typePassword(String password) {
// This is the only place that "knows" how to enter a password
driver.findElement(passwordLocator).sendKeys(password);
// Return the current page object as this action doesn't navigate to a page represented by another PageObject
return this;
}
// The login page allows the user to submit the login form
public HomePage submitLogin() {
// This is the only place that submits the login form and expects the destination to be the home page.
// A seperate method should be created for the instance of clicking login whilst expecting a login failure.
driver.findElement(loginButtonLocator).submit();
// Return a new page object representing the destination. Should the login page ever
// go somewhere else (for example, a legal disclaimer) then changing the method signature
// for this method will mean that all tests that rely on this behaviour won't compile.
return new HomePage(driver);
}
// The login page allows the user to submit the login form knowing that an invalid username and / or password were entered
public LoginPage submitLoginExpectingFailure() {
// This is the only place that submits the login form and expects the destination to be the login page due to login failure.
driver.findElement(loginButtonLocator).submit();
// Return a new page object representing the destination. Should the user ever be navigated to the home page after submiting a login with credentials
// expected to fail login, the script will fail when it attempts to instantiate the LoginPage PageObject.
return new LoginPage(driver);
}
// Conceptually, the login page offers the user the service of being able to "log into"
// the application using a user name and password.
public HomePage loginAs(String username, String password) {
// The PageObject methods that enter username, password & submit login have already defined and should not be repeated here.
typeUsername(username);
typePassword(password);
return submitLogin();
}
}
Support in WebDriver
There is a PageFactory in the support package that provides support for this pattern and helps to remove some boiler-plate code from your Page Objects at the same time.
/**
* Takes a username and password, fills out the fields, and clicks "login".
* @return An instance of the AccountPage
*/publicAccountPageloginAsUser(Stringusername,Stringpassword){WebElementloginField=driver.findElement(By.id("loginField"));loginField.clear();loginField.sendKeys(username);// Fill out the password field. The locator we're using is "By.id", and we should
// have it defined elsewhere in the class.
WebElementpasswordField=driver.findElement(By.id("password"));passwordField.clear();passwordField.sendKeys(password);// Click the login button, which happens to have the id "submit".
driver.findElement(By.id("submit")).click();// Create and return a new instance of the AccountPage (via the built-in Selenium
// PageFactory).
returnPageFactory.newInstance(AccountPage.class);}
publicvoidloginTest(){loginAsUser("cbrown","cl0wn3");// Now that we're logged in, do some other stuff--since we used a DSL to support
// our testers, it's as easy as choosing from available methods.
do.something();do.somethingElse();Assert.assertTrue("Something should have been done!",something.wasDone());// Note that we still haven't referred to a button or web control anywhere in this
// script...
}
publicabstractclassBasePage{protectedWebDriverdriver;publicBasePage(WebDriverdriver){this.driver=driver;}}publicclassGoogleSearchPageextendsBasePage{publicGoogleSearchPage(WebDriverdriver){super(driver);// Generally do not assert within pages or components.
// Effectively throws an exception if the lambda condition is not met.
newWebDriverWait(driver,Duration.ofSeconds(3)).until(d->d.findElement(By.id("logo")));}publicGoogleSearchPagesetSearchString(Stringsstr){driver.findElement(By.id("gbqfq")).sendKeys(sstr);returnthis;}publicvoidclickSearchButton(){driver.findElement(By.id("gbqfb")).click();}}
6.4.10 - テストごとに新しいブラウザを起動する
クリーンな既知の状態から各テストを開始します。
理想的には、テストごとに新しい仮想マシンを起動します。
新しい仮想マシンの起動が実用的でない場合は、少なくともテストごとに新しいWebDriverを起動してください。
Firefoxの場合、既知のプロファイルでWebDriverを起動します。
Most browser drivers like GeckoDriver and ChromeDriver will start with a clean
known state with a new user profile, by default.
WebDriverdriver=newFirefoxDriver();
6.5 - 推奨されない行動
Seleniumでブラウザを自動化するときに避けるべきこと。
6.5.1 - CAPTCHA(キャプチャ)
CAPTCHA(キャプチャ)は、 Completely Automated Public Turing test
to tell Computers and Humans Apart (コンピューターと人間を区別するための完全に自動化された公開チューリングテスト)の略で、自動化を防ぐように明示的に設計されているため、試さないでください!
CAPTCHAチェックを回避するための2つの主要な戦略があります。
Most of the documentation found in this section is still in English.
Please note we are not accepting pull requests to translate this content
as translating documentation of legacy components does not add value to
the community nor the project.
usingSystem;usingSystem.Text;usingSystem.Text.RegularExpressions;usingSystem.Threading;usingNUnit.Framework;usingSelenium;namespaceSeleniumTests{ [TestFixture]publicclassNewTest{privateISeleniumselenium;privateStringBuilderverificationErrors; [SetUp]publicvoidSetupTest(){selenium=newDefaultSelenium("localhost",4444,"*firefox","http://www.google.com/");selenium.Start();verificationErrors=newStringBuilder();} [TearDown]publicvoidTeardownTest(){try{selenium.Stop();}catch(Exception){// Ignore errors if unable to close the browser}Assert.AreEqual("",verificationErrors.ToString());} [Test]publicvoidTheNewTest(){selenium.Open("/");selenium.Type("q","selenium rc");selenium.Click("btnG");selenium.WaitForPageToLoad("30000");Assert.AreEqual("selenium rc - Google Search",selenium.GetTitle());}}}
Java
/** Add JUnit framework to your classpath if not already there
* for this example to work
*/packagecom.example.tests;importcom.thoughtworks.selenium.*;importjava.util.regex.Pattern;publicclassNewTestextendsSeleneseTestCase{publicvoidsetUp()throwsException{setUp("http://www.google.com/","*firefox");}publicvoidtestNew()throwsException{selenium.open("/");selenium.type("q","selenium rc");selenium.click("btnG");selenium.waitForPageToLoad("30000");assertTrue(selenium.isTextPresent("Results * for selenium rc"));}}
Php
<?phprequire_once'PHPUnit/Extensions/SeleniumTestCase.php';classExampleextendsPHPUnit_Extensions_SeleniumTestCase{functionsetUp(){$this->setBrowser("*firefox");$this->setBrowserUrl("http://www.google.com/");}functiontestMyTestCase(){$this->open("/");$this->type("q","selenium rc");$this->click("btnG");$this->waitForPageToLoad("30000");$this->assertTrue($this->isTextPresent("Results * for selenium rc"));}}?>
Python
fromseleniumimportseleniumimportunittest,time,reclassNewTest(unittest.TestCase):defsetUp(self):self.verificationErrors=[]self.selenium=selenium("localhost",4444,"*firefox","http://www.google.com/")self.selenium.start()deftest_new(self):sel=self.seleniumsel.open("/")sel.type("q","selenium rc")sel.click("btnG")sel.wait_for_page_to_load("30000")self.failUnless(sel.is_text_present("Results * for selenium rc"))deftearDown(self):self.selenium.stop()self.assertEqual([],self.verificationErrors)
Ruby
require"selenium/client"require"test/unit"classNewTest<Test::Unit::TestCasedefsetup@verification_errors=[]if$selenium@selenium=$seleniumelse@selenium=Selenium::Client::Driver.new("localhost",4444,"*firefox","http://www.google.com/",60);@selenium.startend@selenium.set_context("test_new")enddefteardown@selenium.stopunless$seleniumassert_equal[],@verification_errorsenddeftest_new@selenium.open"/"@selenium.type"q","selenium rc"@selenium.click"btnG"@selenium.wait_for_page_to_load"30000"assert@selenium.is_text_present("Results * for selenium rc")endend
packagecom.example.tests;// We specify the package of our tests
importcom.thoughtworks.selenium.*;// This is the driver's import. You'll use this for instantiating a
// browser and making it do what you need.
importjava.util.regex.Pattern;// Selenium-IDE add the Pattern module because it's sometimes used for
// regex validations. You can remove the module if it's not used in your
// script.
publicclassNewTestextendsSeleneseTestCase{// We create our Selenium test case
publicvoidsetUp()throwsException{setUp("http://www.google.com/","*firefox");// We instantiate and start the browser
}publicvoidtestNew()throwsException{selenium.open("/");selenium.type("q","selenium rc");selenium.click("btnG");selenium.waitForPageToLoad("30000");assertTrue(selenium.isTextPresent("Results * for selenium rc"));// These are the real test steps
}}
C#
.NETクライアントドライバーはMicrosoft.NETで動作します。
NUnitやVisual Studio 2005 Team Systemなどの.NETテストフレームワークで利用できます。
Selenium-IDEは、テストフレームワークとしてNUnitを使用することを想定しています。
以下の生成コードでこれを確認できます。
NUnitの using ステートメントと、テストクラスの各メンバー関数の役割を識別する対応するNUnit属性が含まれています。
usingSystem;usingSystem.Text;usingSystem.Text.RegularExpressions;usingSystem.Threading;usingNUnit.Framework;usingSelenium;namespaceSeleniumTests{ [TestFixture]publicclassNewTest{privateISeleniumselenium;privateStringBuilderverificationErrors; [SetUp]publicvoidSetupTest(){selenium=newDefaultSelenium("localhost",4444,"*iehta","http://www.google.com/");selenium.Start();verificationErrors=newStringBuilder();} [TearDown]publicvoidTeardownTest(){try{selenium.Stop();}catch(Exception){// Ignore errors if unable to close the browser}Assert.AreEqual("",verificationErrors.ToString());} [Test]publicvoidTheNewTest(){// Open Google search engine. selenium.Open("http://www.google.com/");// Assert Title of page.Assert.AreEqual("Google",selenium.GetTitle());// Provide search term as "Selenium OpenQA"selenium.Type("q","Selenium OpenQA");// Read the keyed search term and assert it.Assert.AreEqual("Selenium OpenQA",selenium.GetValue("q"));// Click on Search button.selenium.Click("btnG");// Wait for page to load.selenium.WaitForPageToLoad("5000");// Assert that "www.openqa.org" is available in search results.Assert.IsTrue(selenium.IsTextPresent("www.openqa.org"));// Assert that page title is - "Selenium OpenQA - Google Search"Assert.AreEqual("Selenium OpenQA - Google Search",selenium.GetTitle());}}}
fromseleniumimportselenium# This is the driver's import. You'll use this class for instantiating a# browser and making it do what you need.importunittest,time,re# This are the basic imports added by Selenium-IDE by default.# You can remove the modules if they are not used in your script.classNewTest(unittest.TestCase):# We create our unittest test casedefsetUp(self):self.verificationErrors=[]# This is an empty array where we will store any verification errors# we find in our testsself.selenium=selenium("localhost",4444,"*firefox","http://www.google.com/")self.selenium.start()# We instantiate and start the browserdeftest_new(self):# This is the test code. Here you should put the actions you need# the browser to do during your test.sel=self.selenium# We assign the browser to the variable "sel" (just to save us from # typing "self.selenium" each time we want to call the browser).sel.open("/")sel.type("q","selenium rc")sel.click("btnG")sel.wait_for_page_to_load("30000")self.failUnless(sel.is_text_present("Results * for selenium rc"))# These are the real test stepsdeftearDown(self):self.selenium.stop()# we close the browser (I'd recommend you to comment this line while# you are creating and debugging your tests)self.assertEqual([],self.verificationErrors)# And make the test fail if we found that any verification errors# were found
# load the Selenium-Client gemrequire"selenium/client"# Load Test::Unit, Ruby's default test framework.# If you prefer RSpec, see the examples in the Selenium-Client# documentation.require"test/unit"classUntitled<Test::Unit::TestCase# The setup method is called before each test.defsetup# This array is used to capture errors and display them at the# end of the test run.@verification_errors=[]# Create a new instance of the Selenium-Client driver.@selenium=Selenium::Client::Driver.new\:host=>"localhost",:port=>4444,:browser=>"*chrome",:url=>"http://www.google.com/",:timeout_in_second=>60# Start the browser session@selenium.start# Print a message in the browser-side log and status bar# (optional).@selenium.set_context("test_untitled")end# The teardown method is called after each test.defteardown# Stop the browser session.@selenium.stop# Print the array of error messages, if any.assert_equal[],@verification_errorsend# This is the main body of your test.deftest_untitled# Open the root of the site we specified when we created the# new driver instance, above.@selenium.open"/"# Type 'selenium rc' into the field named 'q'@selenium.type"q","selenium rc"# Click the button named "btnG"@selenium.click"btnG"# Wait for the search results page to load.# Note that we don't need to set a timeout here, because that# was specified when we created the new driver instance, above.@selenium.wait_for_page_to_loadbegin# Test whether the search results contain the expected text.# Notice that the star (*) is a wildcard that matches any# number of characters.assert@selenium.is_text_present("Results * for selenium rc")rescueTest::Unit::AssertionFailedError# If the assertion fails, push it onto the array of errors.@verification_errors<<$!endendend
これらの各例はブラウザを開き、“ブラウザーインスタンス"をプログラム変数に割り当てることでそのブラウザを表します。
このプログラム変数は、ブラウザからメソッドを呼び出すために使用されます。
これらのメソッドは、Seleniumコマンドを実行します。
つまり、 open コマンドや type コマンド、 verify コマンドなどです。
// Collection of String values.String[]arr={"ide","rc","grid"};// Execute loop for each String in array 'arr'.foreach(Stringsinarr){sel.open("/");sel.type("q","selenium "+s);sel.click("btnG");sel.waitForPageToLoad("30000");assertTrue("Expected text: "+s+" is missing on page.",sel.isTextPresent("Results * for selenium "+s));}
// If element is available on page then perform type operation.
if(selenium.isElementPresent("q")){selenium.type("q","Selenium rc");}else{System.out.printf("Element: "+q+" is not available on page.")}
publicstaticString[]getAllCheckboxIds(){Stringscript="var inputId = new Array();";// Create array in java script.
script+="var cnt = 0;";// Counter for check box ids.
script+="var inputFields = new Array();";// Create array in java script.
script+="inputFields = window.document.getElementsByTagName('input');";// Collect input elements.
script+="for(var i=0; i<inputFields.length; i++) {";// Loop through the collected elements.
script+="if(inputFields[i].id !=null "+"&& inputFields[i].id !='undefined' "+"&& inputFields[i].getAttribute('type') == 'checkbox') {";// If input field is of type check box and input id is not null.
script+="inputId[cnt]=inputFields[i].id ;"+// Save check box id to inputId array.
"cnt++;"+// increment the counter.
"}"+// end of if.
"}";// end of for.
script+="inputId.toString();";// Convert array in to string.
String[]checkboxIds=selenium.getEval(script).split(",");// Split the string.
returncheckboxIds;}
"Unable to connect to remote server (Inner Exception Message:
No connection could be made because the target machine actively
refused it )"(using .NET and XP Service Pack 2)
このエラーは断続的に発生する場合があります。
問題はデバッガーのオーバーヘッドがシステムに追加されたときに再現できない競合状態に起因するため、デバッガーで問題を再現することはできません。
パーミッションの問題については、チュートリアルで詳しく説明します。
The Same Origin Policy、Proxy Injectionに関する章を注意深くお読みください。
Selenium 3 was the implementation of WebDriver without the Selenium RC Code. It has since been replaced with Selenium 4, which implements the W3C WebDriver specification.
7.3.1 - Grid 3
Selenium Grid 3 supported WebDriver without Selenium RC code. Grid 3 was completely rewritten for the new Grid 4.
{"_comment":"Configuration for Hub - hubConfig.json","host":ip,"maxSession":5,"port":4444,"cleanupCycle":5000,"timeout":300000,"newSessionWaitTimeout":-1,"servlets":[],"prioritizer":null,"capabilityMatcher":"org.openqa.grid.internal.utils.DefaultCapabilityMatcher","throwOnCapabilityNotPresent":true,"nodePolling":180000,"platform":"WINDOWS"}
The Selenese HTML syntax can be used to write and run tests without requiring
knowledge of a programming language. With a basic knowledge of selenese and
Selenium-IDE you can quickly produce and run testcases.
<html><head><title>Test Suite Function Tests - Priority 1</title></head><body><table><tr><td><b>Suite Of Tests</b></td></tr><tr><td><ahref="./Login.html">Login</a></td></tr><tr><td><ahref="./SearchValues.html">Test Searching for Values</a></td></tr><tr><td><ahref="./SaveValues.html">Test Save</a></td></tr></table></body></html>
注 : 一部のタイプの XPath ロケータや DOM ロケータと異なり、これまでに示した 3 つのタイプのロケータを使えば、ページ上の位置に関係なく UI 要素をテストすることができます。
したがって、ページの構造や構成が変わっても、テストはパスします。
ページの構造が変わったかどうかについては、テストしたい場合もテストしたくない場合もあるでしょう。
Web デザイナーが頻繁にページに手を加えていて、ページの機能を回帰テストの対象にする必要がある場合には、id 属性や name 属性、または任意の HTML プロパティによるテストが非常に重要になります。
XPathによる特定
XPath は、XML ドキュメント内のノードを特定するために使われる言語です。
HTML は XML (XHTML) の実装でもありうるので、Selenium ユーザーは XPath という強力な言語を使って、Web アプリケーション内の要素を特定することができます。
XPath は、id 属性や name 属性による要素の特定という単純な方法を (サポートすると当時に) さらに拡張しており、ページ上の3番目のチェックボックスを特定するなど、あらゆる種類の新しい可能性を開いてくれる言語です。
XPathを使う主な理由の1つは、特定したい要素に対応する適切な id 属性や name 属性がない場合があることです。
XPathを使うと、要素を絶対的に特定したり (ただし、このやり方は推奨されません)、id 属性または name 属性を持つ要素からの相対位置で要素を特定したりできます。
XPath ロケータを使って、id や name 以外の属性から要素を特定することもできます。
絶対 XPath には、ルート (html) からのすべての要素の位置が含まれており、したがって 、アプリケーションにわずかな変更を加えただけで、XPath による特定がうまくいかなる可能性があります。
id 属性または name 属性を持つ近くの要素 (理想的には親要素) を見つけることによって、対象となる要素を相対関係に基づいて特定できるようになります。
これは、アプリケーションに変更が加えられても変わる可能性は低く、テストをより堅牢にすることができます。
プレーンな store コマンドは、たくさんある store コマンド群の中で最も基本的なコマンドで、Selenium 変数に単純に定数値を格納するのに使用できます。
store コマンドは、変数に格納するテキスト値と Selenium 変数の 2 つのパラメータを取ります。
変数の名前を付けるときは、英数文字だけを使う標準的な命名規則に従ってください。
<!DOCTYPE HTML><html><head><scripttype="text/javascript">functionoutput(resultText){document.getElementById('output').childNodes[0].nodeValue=resultText;}functionshow_confirm(){varconfirmation=confirm("Chose an option.");if(confirmation==true){output("Confirmed.");}else{output("Rejected!");}}functionshow_alert(){alert("I'm blocking!");output("Alert is gone.");}functionshow_prompt(){varresponse=prompt("What's the best web QA tool?","Selenium");output(response);}functionopen_window(windowName){window.open("newWindow.html",windowName);}</script></head><body><inputtype="button"id="btnConfirm"onclick="show_confirm()"value="Show confirm box"/><inputtype="button"id="btnAlert"onclick="show_alert()"value="Show alert"/><inputtype="button"id="btnPrompt"onclick="show_prompt()"value="Show prompt"/><ahref="newWindow.html"id="lnkNewWindow"target="_blank">New Window Link</a><inputtype="button"id="btnNewNamelessWindow"onclick="open_window()"value="Open Nameless Window"/><inputtype="button"id="btnNewNamedWindow"onclick="open_window('Mike')"value="Open Named Window"/><br/><spanid="output"></span></body></html>
テストスイートファイルは、1 列のテーブルを含む HTML ファイルです。
<tbody> セクション内の各行のセルには、テストケースへのリンクが収められています。
次に示すのは、4 つのテストケースを含むテストスイートの例です。
<html><head><metahttp-equiv="Content-Type"content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><title>Sample Selenium Test Suite</title></head><body><tablecellpadding="1"cellspacing="1"border="1"><thead><tr><td>Test Cases for De Anza A-Z Directory Links</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><ahref="./a.html">A Links</a></td></tr><tr><td><ahref="./b.html">B Links</a></td></tr><tr><td><ahref="./c.html">C Links</a></td></tr><tr><td><ahref="./d.html">D Links</a></td></tr></tbody></table></body></html>
注 : テストケースファイルは、呼び出し元のテストスイートファイルと同じ場所に置く必要はありません。
実際、Mac OS と Linux システムではそのとおりです。
ただし、この項目の執筆時点では、Windows システムで使う場合にはバグがあって、テストケースファイルを呼び出し元のテストスイートファイルと別の場所に置くことはできません。
上記の open コマンドの場合のように変数置換を使用しようとして失敗した場合は、アクセスしようとしている値を持つ変数を実際に作成していないことを示します。
これは、変数を Target フィールドに配置する必要がある場合に Value フィールドに配置するか、その逆の場合があります。
上記の例では、storeコマンドの2つのパラメーターが、必要なものと逆の順序で誤って配置されています。
Seleneseコマンドの場合、最初の必須パラメーターは Target フィールドに入力し、2番目の必須パラメーター(存在する場合)は Value フィールドに入力する必要があります。
error loading test case: [Exception… “Component returned failure code:
0x80520012 (NS_ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND) [nsIFileInputStream.init]” nresult:
“0x80520012 (NS_ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND)” location: “JS frame ::
chrome://selenium-ide/content/file-utils.js :: anonymous :: line 48” data: no]
[user@localhost ~]$ xvfb-run java -Dwebdriver.gecko.driver=/home/mmasek/geckodriver.0.18.0 -jar selenium-html-runner-3.7.1.jar -htmlSuite "*firefox""https://YOUR-BASE-URL""$(pwd)/testsuite.html""results.html"; grep result: -A1 results.html/firefox.results.html
Multi-window mode is longer used as an option and will be ignored.
1510061109691 geckodriver INFO geckodriver 0.18.0
1510061109708 geckodriver INFO Listening on 127.0.0.1:2885
1510061110162 geckodriver::marionette INFO Starting browser /usr/bin/firefox with args ["-marionette"]1510061111084 Marionette INFO Listening on port 432291510061111187 Marionette WARN TLS certificate errors will be ignored for this session
Nov 07, 2017 1:25:12 PM org.openqa.selenium.remote.ProtocolHandshake createSession
INFO: Detected dialect: W3C
2017-11-07 13:25:12.714:INFO::main: Logging initialized @3915ms to org.seleniumhq.jetty9.util.log.StdErrLog
2017-11-07 13:25:12.804:INFO:osjs.Server:main: jetty-9.4.z-SNAPSHOT
2017-11-07 13:25:12.822:INFO:osjsh.ContextHandler:main: Started o.s.j.s.h.ContextHandler@87a85e1{/tests,null,AVAILABLE}2017-11-07 13:25:12.843:INFO:osjs.AbstractConnector:main: Started ServerConnector@52102734{HTTP/1.1,[http/1.1]}{0.0.0.0:31892}2017-11-07 13:25:12.843:INFO:osjs.Server:main: Started @4045ms
Nov 07, 2017 1:25:13 PM org.openqa.selenium.server.htmlrunner.CoreTestCase run
INFO: |open | /auth_mellon.php ||Nov 07, 2017 1:25:14 PM org.openqa.selenium.server.htmlrunner.CoreTestCase run
INFO: |waitForPageToLoad |3000||.
.
.etc
<td>result:</td>
<td>PASS</td>
% git clone git@github.com:seleniumhq/seleniumhq.github.io.git
% cd seleniumhq.github.io
依存関係: Hugo
We use Hugo and the Docsy theme
to build and render the site. You will need the “extended”
Sass/SCSS version of the Hugo binary to work on this site. We recommend
to use Hugo 0.101.0 or higher.
Please follow the Install Hugo
instructions from Docsy.
The repository contains the site and docs. Before jumping into
making changes, please initialize the submodules and install the
needed dependencies (see commands below). To make changes to the site,
work on the website_and_docs directory. To see a live preview of
your changes, run hugo server on the site’s root directory.
% git submodule update --init --recursive
% cd website_and_docs
% hugo server
See Style Guide for more information on our conventions for contribution
Fixes #Nを含めてください。ここでは N がこのコミットで修正したイシュー番号です(存在する場合)。
適切なコミットメッセージは次のようになります:
explain commit normatively in one line
Body of commit message is a few lines of text, explaining things
in more detail, possibly giving some background about the issue
being fixed, etc.
The body of the commit message can be several paragraphs, and
please do proper word-wrap and keep columns shorter than about
72 characters or so. That way `git log` will show things
nicely even when it is indented.
Fixes #141
Our documentation uses Title Capitalization for linkTitle which should be short
and Sentence capitalization for title which can be longer and more descriptive.
For example, a linkTitle of Special Heading might have a title of
The importance of a special heading in documentation
Line length
When editing the documentation’s source,
which is written in plain HTML,
limit your line lengths to around 100 characters.
Some of us take this one step further
and use what is called
semantic linefeeds,
which is a technique whereby the HTML source lines,
which are not read by the public,
are split at ‘natural breaks’ in the prose.
In other words, sentences are split
at natural breaks between clauses.
Instead of fussing with the lines of each paragraph
so that they all end near the right margin,
linefeeds can be added anywhere
that there is a break between ideas.
This can make diffs very easy to read
when collaborating through git,
but it is not something we enforce contributors to use.
Translations
Selenium now has official translators for each of the supported languages.
If you add a code example to the important_documentation.en.md file,
also add it to important_documentation.ja.md, important_documentation.pt-br.md,
important_documentation.zh-cn.md.
If you make text changes in the English version, just make a Pull Request.
The new process is for issues to be created and tagged as needs translation based on
changes made in a given PR.
Code examples
All references to code should be language independent,
and the code itself should be placed inside code tabs.
To generate the above tabs, this is what you need to write.
Note that the tabpane includes langEqualsHeader=true.
This auto-formats the code in each tab to match the header name,
but more importantly it ensures that all tabs on the page with a language
are set to the same thing, so we always want to include it.
To ensure that all code is kept up to date, our goal is to write the code in the repo where it
can be executed when Selenium versions are updated to ensure that everything is correct.
This code can be automatically displayed in the documentation using the gh-codeblock shortcode.
The shortcode automatically generates its own html, so if any tab is using this shortcode,
set text=true in the tabpane/tab to prevent the auto-formatting, and add code=true in any
tab that still needs to get formatted with code.
Either way, set langEqualsHeader=true to keep the language tabs synchronized throughout the page.
Note that the gh-codeblock line can not be indented at all.
One great thing about using gh-codeblock is that it adds a link to the full example.
This means you don’t have to include any additional context code, just the line(s) that
are needed, and the user can navigate to the repo to see how to use it.
If you want your example to include something other than code (default) or html (from gh-codeblock),
you need to first set text=true,
then change the Hugo syntax for the tabto use % instead of < and > with curly braces:
This is preferred to writing code comments because those will not be translated.
Only include the code that is needed for the documentation, and avoid over-explaining.
Finally, remember not to indent plain text or it will rendered as a codeblock.
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